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BSC 216 Test #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal? | esophagus |
| What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity? | hard palate and soft palate |
| What is the main job of the pharynx? | propulsion |
| What region of the stomach does food first enters after its passage through the relaxed gastroesophageal sphincter? | cardia |
| Chief cells release: | pepsinogen |
| What is the final segment of the small intestine? | ileum |
| Which modification of the small intestine creates a brush border appearance upon microscopic examination? | microvilli |
| Peristaltic contractions that propel the contents of the colon toward the distal large intestine are: | mass movements. |
| What can we consciously control about the defecation reflex? | relaxation of the external anal sphincter |
| What cells compose the liver lobules? | hepatocytes |
| Which of the following does NOT transport bile? | accessory pancreatic duct |
| What enzyme catalyzes reactions that initiate carbohydrate digestion? | salivary amylase |
| Absorption is best described as the: | movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal. |
| Damaged hepatocytes will impair: | bile production. |
| Cherise is lactose-intolerant because she produces insufficient amounts of an enzyme called: | lactase. |
| What is the first process to occur in the digestive system? | ingestion |
| Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains: | abdominal digestive organs. |
| The digestive system is regulated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. | True |
| What creates the mesentery? | visceral peritoneum |
| The crown of a tooth is covered by: | enamel |
| Carbohydrate digestion begins in the: | mouth |
| What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands? | gastrin |
| Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach? | gastrin |
| The stomach differs anatomically from other organs of the alimentary canal because it has an additional oblique layer of muscularis externa for churning. | True |
| What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands? Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach? | gastrin |
| The stomach differs anatomically from other organs of the alimentary canal because it has an additional oblique layer of muscularis externa for churning. | True |
| At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the: | descending colon. |
| The final process to occur in the alimentary canal is: | defecation. |
| The internal anal sphincter is controlled involuntarily while the external anal sphincter is controlled voluntarily. | True |
| What is responsible for the emulsification of lipids in the duodenum? | bile |
| What best exemplifies enzymatic hydrolysis? | nutrient breakdown |
| Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of lactose into glucose and galactose? | lactase |
| Emulsification requires: | bile salts |
| In which organ is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile? | duodenum |
| Which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins? | large intestine |
| The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose in the body is classified as: | catabolism. |
| Substances that lose electrons are said to be: | oxidized |
| Electron transfer reactions are termed oxidation-____ reactions. | reduction |
| Which of the following is NOT true of glycolysis? | Four molecules of NADH are spent. |
| What molecule is both the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle? | oxaloacetate |
| What part of a triglyceride undergoes β-oxidation? | fatty acids |
| The release of urea in the urine is a mechanism for the body to rid itself of: | ammonia |
| What molecule cannot be used for gluconeogenesis? | fatty acid |
| The total amount of energy expended by the body to power all of its processes is called: | the metabolic rate. |
| What part of the brain is involved in thermoregulation? | hypothalamus |
| How are vitamins classified? | micronutrients |
| Select the two factors upon which body mass index depends. | height and weight |
| A mutation has damaged the formation of oxaloacetate. What process will be impaired? | citric acid cycle |
| Under normal conditions, where should we expect to see most urea? | urine |
| Which of the following is NOT a nutrient monomer used by the body to generate ATP? | nucleic acids |
| What process involves the donation of a phosphate group from ATP to a reactant to “pay” for a cellular process? | phosphorylation |
| Reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule are known as anabolic reactions. | true |
| What is NOT required for glycolysis to occur? | What is NOT required for glycolysis to occur? |
| How many net ATP are produced as a result of glycolysis? | 2 ATP |
| Carbon dioxide is formed during the electron transport chain (ETC). | False |
| Which of the following results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride? | glycerol and fatty acids |
| From which of the following are ketone bodies assembled during ketogenesis? | acetyl-CoA |
| What two products can be generated from the transamination of an amino acid? | a carbon skeleton and the amino acid glutamate |
| The process of storing glucose as glycogen is known as: | glycogenesis |
| The majority of the body's energy is stored as: | triglycerides. |
| The synthesis of fatty acids is known as lipolysis. | False |
| Which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood? | insulin |
| Feeding centers are located in the: | hypothalamus |
| Feeding occurs during the absorptive state. | False |
| Heat is exchanged between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: | precipitation |
| Thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near: | 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) |
| Calorimetry is used to measure the basal metabolic rate (BMR). | true |
| Fruits, honey, candy, and juices are dietary sources of: | monosaccharides and disaccharides. |
| Which statement is true regarding complete proteins? | Complete proteins provide all of the essential amino acids. |
| Which of these vitamins is water-soluble? | vitamin C |
| The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the __________. | hilum |
| The functional units of the kidneys are __________. | nephrons |
| Urine drains from a major calyx into __________. | the renal pelvis |
| Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus? | interlobular (cortical radiate) artery |
| The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the __________. | proximal tubule |
| What should NOT be found in filtrate? | albumin |
| The glomerular filtration rate is defined as __________. | the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute |
| The myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing __________. | vessel diameter |
| What will NOT stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? | an increase in systemic blood pressure |
| Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, EXCEPT __________. | increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
| Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the filtrate into the cells of the proximal tubule is by __________. | secondary active transport |
| Substances used to measure renal clearance should be __________. | filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted |
| What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms? | GFR will increase. |
| A drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to __________. | decreased blood pressure |
| Dilute urine is more likely to be produced when __________. | the collecting duct is impermeable to water |
| Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the __________. | ureter |
| What is NOT a major function of the kidneys? | hematopoiesis |
| Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to __________. | regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow |
| In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located? | renal medulla |
| What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron? | renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| The process of filtration occurs at the __________. | renal corpuscle |
| Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption? | Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood. |
| Filtrate and whole blood contain identical constituents. | False |
| What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min? | 125 |
| Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by __________. | proteins such as albumin in the blood |
| What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerular capillaries, in mm Hg? | 10 |
| Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)? | A-II promotes thirst. |
| The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate __________. | blood pH |
| Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption? | aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| The majority of sodium ions are reclaimed through sodium ion leak channels in the proximal tubule. | true |
| How much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24 hour period? | 1.8 |
| What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop? | creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption |
| The juxtamedullary apparatus acts as a special vascular system called the countercurrent exchanger. | False |
| Countercurrent multiplication and exchange occurs in the __________. | nephron loop and vasa recta |
| Where does ADH promote water reabsorption? | medullary collecting duct |
| Each of the following is typical of urine EXCEPT __________. | a pH of 3.0 |
| Renal clearance is defined as __________. | the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood |
| What is renal clearance used to estimate? | glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
| The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by __________. | the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice |
| What initiates the micturition reflex? | Stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder signal the sacral region of the spinal cord. |
| Voluntary neural control is necessary for __________. | relaxation of the external urethral sphincter |
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