Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Microbiology I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Robert Hooke | 1665 Describe microorganisms, coined term cells |
| Leeuwenhoek | 1684 Describe bacterial cells "wee animalcules" |
| Cohn | 1876 Scientific journal of bacteriology, bacteriological practices, classification scheme, defined bacteria, life cycle of endospore Bacillus |
| Pasteur | 1850s Lactic acid fermentation, disprove spontaneous generation, vaccines |
| Koch | 1881 Pure culture, etiological agents of disease, TB |
| Beijerinck | 1900 Microbial selection, viruses, identified aerobic nitrogen fixers, sulfate reducers, sulfate oxidizers, symbiotic nitrogen fixers |
| Winogradsky | Chemolithotrophy, species |
| Basic Biological Science | Foundation for understanding many processes of physiology, ecology, and genetics |
| Applied Biological Science | Help solve many problems relating to health, agriculture, and industry |
| Six Characteristics of Cellular Life | Metabolism, Reproduction, Differentiation, Communication, Movement, Evolution |
| All cells carry out or have the potential to carry out: | Metabolism |
| Koch's Postulates | 1. The pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from the healthy 2. Organism grown in pure culture 3. Pure culture cells cause disease in healthy animal 4. Organism reisolated and shown to be the same as the original |
| Enrichment Culture | AKA microbial selection, set up growth condition so that only the microorganisms you want to grow will |
| Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes | Prokaryotes: haploid, palsmid, nucleoid Eukaryotes: diploid, nucleus, much more complex |
| Plasmid | Extrachromosomal genetic elements non-essential for growth, genes for non- vital functions |
| Essential Components of Virus (2) | 1. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, ds or ss) 2. Protein coat (capsid) surrounding outside |
| Virus membranes are derived from what? | Envelope is made up of membrane from the host |
| Naked vs. Enveloped Viruses | Naked: virus containing only the bare minimum, nucleic acid and surrounding capsid Enveloped: naked virus with surrounding envelope |
| Tree of Life is based on similarities in sequences of | rRNA |
| Cyanobacteria and chloroplast carry out: | Photosynthesis |
| Endosymbiosis | Early eukaryotes lack mitochondrion, mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic code |
| Bacteria vs Archaea | Bacteria: no transcription factors, muramic acid in cell wall, ester linked Archaea: transcription factors, ether linked |
| Chemoorganotrophs | Energy from organic molecules |
| Chemolithotrophs | Energy from inorganic molecules |
| Phototrophs | Energy from the sun |
| Heterotrophs | Carbon from organic compounds |
| Autotrophs | Carbon from CO2 |
| Auxotrophs | Cannot produce the nutrient themselves |
| Prototrophs | Can make its own nutrient |
| Six Bacteria Organisms | 1. Proteobacteria: large, gram-negative 2. Gram-positive Bacteria: endospore formers Bacillus and Clostridium 3. Cyanobacteria: oxygenic phototrophs 4. Planctomycetes: stalked bacteria 5. Spirochetes: long, thin, spiral-shaped 6. Deinoccoci: highly r |
| Three Archaea Organisms | 1. Pyrolobus: extreme heat 2. Halobacteria: salt lover 3. Thermoplasm: low pH, no cell wall |
| Six Eukarya Organisms | Diplomonads, trichomonads: lack mitochondria Algae: 1 producers, cell wall, phototrophic Fungi: unicellular (yeast), filamentous (molds), chitin Protozoa: no cell wall, motile Lichen: fungi + phototropic cell symbiosis |
| Thermophiles | Cluster around the universal ancestor on the tree of life because there were very high temperatures during that time period |
| Strong and Weak Chemical bonds | Covalent = strong Hbond, ionic, van der Waals, hydrophobic interactions = weak |
| Water as the Biological Solvent | Polar: dissolution of polar substrates and products for cell transport, aggregation of large molecules Cohesive: high surface tension, specific heat |
| Nucleic Acids | Nucleotide: C5 carbohydrate + nitrogenous base + phosphate Nucleoside: C5 carbohydrate + nitrogenous base Ribose = OH at 2C, Deoxyribose = H at 2C |
| Proteins | AA = H group + amino group + carboxylic acid group + R group Peptide bond = covalent linkage of amino acids |
| Polysaccharides | C4-C7 in size, glycosidic bonds Starch: A14 bonds Glycogen: A16 bonds and A14 bonds Cellulose: B14 bonds |
| LIpids | Amphipathic Simple: triglycerides, FA linked to glycerol via ESTER linkage Complex: phosphatidyl ethanolamine |
| Pyrimidine vs Purine | Pyrimidine: CTU Purine: AG |
| Chiral Carbon with D+L Forms | Chiral carbon has isomers around that carbon D forms with sugars, L forms with amino acids |
| Amino Acids Structurally Similar and Different | Amino acids have same general structure but vary in R groups giving protein its chemical properties |
| Protein Structure | 1: linear polypeptide chain 2: H bonding (A helices near H bonds vs B sheets far H bonds) 3. folded structure of protein 4. multiple polypeptides |
| Protein Denaturation | At levesl 2,3,4 by chemical or physical |
| Cell Morphologies | Coccus: spherical Rod/bacillus: cylindrical Spirillum: lightly twisted rods Spirochete: tightly coiled Appendaged: contain a stalk Filamentous: long chains of cells |
| Small Cell Size | Transfer of nutrients and waste, rapid growth, accelerated evolution Larger SA to V ratio |
| Resolution | The closest two points can be while still being able to distinguish between them |
| Peptidoglycan (building blocks and linkages) | N-acetylglucosamine N-Acetylmuramic acid |
| Enzyme that breaks B14 linkages of cell walls | Lysosozyme |
| Protoplast | Made by cell wall lysis in isotonic solution, lysozyme eats cell wall and then protoplast with no cell wall is left |
| Bacteria Cell Walls | Peptidoglycan with B14 glycosidic linkages, susceptible to lysozyme, extra amino group that makes peptide bonds with carboxylic acid group on another molecule |
| Archea Cell Walls | Pseudopeptidoglycan with acetyltalosaminuronic acid, B13 glycosidic linkages, NOT susceptible to lysozyme |
| Bacteria Membranes | Ester linkages, fatty acid hydrophobic region |
| Archea Membranes | Ether linkages, phytanyl hydrophobic region |
| Transport Proteins | Help stuff with low concentration on the outside to come across to the inside |
| Cytoplasmic Membrane Functions (3) | 1. Permeability Barrier: prevents leakages, gate for transport 2. Protein Anchor: site of proteins involved in transport, bioenergetics, chemotaxis 3. Energy Conservation: generation and use of proton motive force |
| Simple Transporters (3) | Uniporter, antiporter, symporter driven by diffusion gradient |
| Group Translocation | Chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphenylpyruvate - a lot of players allow for diversity of regulation |
| ABC Transport System | Periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP - allows for transport of things in low concentration |
| Energy Source of Membrane Transport | Simple: diffusion gradient Group: phosphenylpyruvate ABC: ATP |
| Transport of Nutrients in Low Concentration | ABC |
| Protein Export | Translocases such as SecYEG inserted into cytoplasmic memebrane |
| Periplasm | Space between membranes and peptidoglycan - only in gram-negative |
| Porins | Allow for permeability across the outer membrane, create channels that traverse the membrane - gram negative |
| Endospore Genus (2) | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| Hyperthermophile | High temperature, pyrolovus fumarii, archaea |
| Psychrophile | Low temperature, polaromonas vacuolata, bacteria |
| Acidophile | Low pH, picrophilus oshimae, archaea |
| Alkaliphile | High pH, natronobacterium gregoryi, archaea |
| Barophile | Extreme pressure, moritella yayanosii, bacteria |
| Halophile | Extreme salt, halobacterium salinarum, archaea |
| Bright Field | Sufficient contrast between background and sample, cells must be stained, live cells with wet mounts |
| Fluorescence Staining | Emit light of characteristic wavelength when excited, natural or stained |
| Phase-contrast | Poor contrast but different refractive indices, phase differences into contrast differences, some dark some light parts, cells NOT stained |
| Darkfield | Only light is that reflected by sample, improved resolution, disk prevents direct path of light |
| Differential Interference Contrast | Light split by prism, pass through sample, brought together by prism, image from interference product of combined beams, 3D image |
| Atomic Force Microscopy | Not light, no lens, image by laser scanning specimen, cells NOT fixed and can be wet, 3D image |
| Confocal Scanning Laser | Light/fluorescence, samples fluoresce to produce image, can be stacked for 3D view, only parts in focus will reflect light back to eye |
| Transmission Electron | Electromagnets, INTERNAL DETAIL, samples fixed, thin sections |
| Scanning Electron | SURFACES ONLY, electron dense film coating, electrons bounce off to form image |
| Gram Positive vs Gram Negative | +: thick cell wall, purple -: thin cell wall, outer membrane, pink |
Created by:
1138967652782105
Popular Biology sets