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YR ch 22 respiratory
Anatomy and Physiology 2 Bio 106 UCC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is external nose, nasal cavity, the pharynx? | Upper respiratory tract. |
| What is the larynx,trachea,bronchi, lungs? | Lower respiratory tract |
| Nasal septum | Divides the nasal cavity into right and left parts. |
| Hard palate | Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. |
| Oral cavity | Air enters the body but it's considered digestive and not respiratory. |
| Conchae | Bony ridges on the walls of the nasal cavity that increase surface area and cleanse incoming air. Effective in dry and cold climates. |
| Pharynx (throat) | common passageway for both respiratory and digestive system. Leads to respiratory system through the larynx. Leads to the digestive system through esophagus. |
| What type of cells makes up the pharynx? | Pseudo-stratified , stratified squamous |
| What are the 3 parts of the pharynx? | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| Nasopharynx | 1st part of pharynx; has soft palate and pharyngeal tonsils. Soft palate: separates nasopharynx from oropharynx. Prevents food from oral cavity from going into nasopharynx. |
| thyroid cartilage | located superiorly to the hyoid bone and helps form the Adam's apple. |
| Cricoid cartilage | second unpaired cartilage ring that forms the base of the larynx. |
| Epiglottis | Covers the larynx to prevent food from entering the wrong pipe. |
| Vestibular folds | False vocal cords; allows us to hold our breathe. |
| Vocal folds | True vocal cords; allows us to speak |
| Trachea (windpipe) | Made of connective tissue, smooth, and pseudostratified epithelium |
| What has 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage? | The cartilages protect the trachea and maintain an open passageway for air |
| Left bronchi | More horizontal. |
| Right Bronchi | More vertical, shorter, wider, more likely to get an obstruction. |
| Bronchi | The trachea divides into left and right primary bronchi that connect the lungs via a region called HILUM (where bronchi and blood vessels enter) |
| Lungs | Right has 3 lobes. Left has 2 lobes. |
| What is a bronchopulmonary segment? | A diseased segment can be removed without affecting other segments because major blood vessels and bronchi don't cross into other segments. |
| Alveolar ducts | Respiratory bronchioles form these ducts that open into the alveoli which are small air sacs. |
| Respiratory membrane | Gas exchange between blood and air. Between walls of alveoli and surrounding capillaries. |
| What are 2 principle factors that govern air flow in and out of the lungs? | 1. Changes in volume result in changes in pressure. 2. Air uses diffusion to go from an area of high concentration to low concentration. |
| What happens when alveolar pressure=atmospheric pressure? | End of expiration (exhaling) or end of inspiration (inhaling) |
| What happens when alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure? | During inspiration (inhaling) |
| What happens when alveolar pressure> atmospheric pressure? | During expiration (exhaling) |
| What is lung recoil? | The tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size. |
| What prevents lungs from collapsing? | 1. Surfactant (reduces surface tension) 2. Pressure in pleural cavity |
| Where are the major areas of gas exchange? | Primarily in the alveoli but also in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar duct. |
| What things affect gas exchange across the respiratory membrane? | 1.) Respiratory membrane thickness ( if thickness increases, diffusion decreases) 2. Surface area ( more surface area, more diffusion) 3.) Partial pressure (too much gas, not enough oxygen) |
| When is hemoglobin attracted to oxygen? | When there is a high level of oxygen. But when there is low levels of oxygen, hemoglobin is no longer attracted to it. |
| What factors influence release of oxygen from hemoglobin? | Low oxygen levels, high carbon dioxide levels, low pH, and high temperature. |
| What is hypercania? | Too much C02 in the body. |
| What is hypoxia? | Not enough 02. |
| What is cystic fibrosis? | Inherited condition from a defective gene that causes build-up of thick mucus which blocks airflow. |
| What is botulism? | Caused by a bacterium that blocks nerve signals to skeletal muscle including those that work the lungs. |
Created by:
smwondr
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