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a & p
quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| proteins | cell structure, energy, hormones, cell surface receptors, etc. |
| amino acids | basic unit of proteins |
| denaturing | breaking of H bonds resulting in loss of protein conformation and function |
| nucleic acids | control cellular activities |
| nucleotides | basic units of nucleic acids |
| DNA | store information about cell function in molecular code, passed on when cells reproduce |
| RNA | help synthesize proteins coded for by DNA |
| cells are measured in what unit? | micrometers (1/1000mm) |
| nucleus | centrally located, control center of cell |
| cytoplasm | surrounds nucleus, area within cell membrane |
| cell membrane | surrounds cytoplasm |
| organelles | distributed throughout cytoplasm |
| cytosol | fluid component of cytoplasm; clear fluid in which cytoplasmic structures are suspended |
| cell or plasma membrane | thin, highly flexible, complex surface features. regulates passage of substances into and out of cell. transmits stimulation from outside cell (signal transduction) |
| structure of cell or plasma membrane | consists of lipids (including cholesterol) and proteins, some carbohydrates |
| lipid bilayer | phospholipids have polar "head" and nonpolar "tail" Head is hydrophilic (attracts water molecules), the nonpolar tail is hydrophobic (repels water molecules) |
| fluid mosaic | lipid molecules are free to move sideways (in place of the membrane), forming a thin, stable, liquid film |
| permeability | selectively permeable (liquid soluble molecules pass through easily) (water-soluble molecules cannot pass through) |
| transmembrane proteins | extend through lipid bilayer, and protrude into both cytoplasm and outside surface of membrane |
| peripheral proteins | project from the membrane's outer surface |
| integral proteins | span the membrane |
| shape classifications | fibrous proteins - tightly coiled, rod-like globular proteins - more compact |
| cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) | determines cell interactions with other cells |
| carbohydrates | glycoproteins and glycolipids - cell-to-cell recognition, and receptors |
| inclusions | temporarily-stored chemicals, such as nutrients or melanin |
| cytoskeleton | framework of protein rods and tubules |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis; found attached to ER membranes and scattered throughout cytoplasm; composed of protein and RNA molecules |
| polysomes | clusters of ribosomes in cytoplasm, which can quickly synthesize large amounts of proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | contains ribosomes; function: synthesize proteins |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | lacks ribosomes; functions: transports products of rough ER, synthesizes lipids, absorption of fats from digestive tract, metabolism of drugs |
| vesicles | Function: membranous sacs which form by pinching off of cell membrane, used for transporting substances within cell |
| Golgi apparatus | Function: processing and packing center for proteins and lipids produced in the ER; molecules of glycoproteins (sugars bound to proteins) from ER attach to receptors of Golgi apparatus |
| secretory vesicles | bud off outermost end of Golgi apparatus, and travel with altered molecules to cell membrane |
| mitochondria | function: produces reactions which release energy (in the formation of ATP) from glucose and other organic molecules |
| cristae | folds of inner membrane; contain enzymes which facilitate energy-producing reactions |
| lysosomes | Function: contain enzymes capable of breaking down cellular or nutrient material |
| peroxisomes | Function: catalyze formation of substances that break down, or digest substances which may be harmful to the cells |
| centrosome | consists of 2 centrioles (hollow cylinders) Function: controls chromosome distribution during cell division |
| Microfilaments & Microtubules | thin, threadlike processes within the cytoplasm. Functions: cause various types of cellular movement, provide internal structure and strength to cell and parts |
| cilia and flagella | motile (moveable) structures which project outward from cell surface. Function: to move cell through environment (flagellum) or move fluids and particles across cell surface (cilia) |
| nuclear envelope | (double layered membrane); divides nucleus form the rest of the cell, protein-linked channels called nuclear pores allow certain molecules to exit the nucleus. Function: regulates passage of molecules into and out of nucleus |
| Nucleoplasm | fluid within nuclear envelope |
| nucleolus | RNA+protein; Function: assists in production of ribosomes |
| chromatin | DNA +protein (loosely coiled) Function: direct protein synthesis through information contained in DNA... Strands condense at reproduction phase, chromosomes become visible |
| diffusion | spontaneous movement of molecules from region of higher to region of lower concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | protein carrier molecules facilitate molecular movement from higher to lower concentrations |
| osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration |
| osmotic pressure | ability to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water |
| hypertonic solution | solute ions more concentrated outside cell membrane: water moves inside to outside |
| hypotonic solution | solute ions more concentrated inside cell membrane: water moves outside to inside |
| isotonic solution | solute ions equally concentrated outside and inside:no net movement of water |
| filtration | molecules forced through membranes by higher pressure on one side |
| active transport | movement from lower to higher concentrations |
| protein carrier molecules | pumps, change shape when bound to molecule to be carried |
| vesicle formation mechanisms | molecules too large to enter by other mechanisms |
| endocytosis | bringing substances into cell |
| pinocytosis | liquids |
| phagocytosis | solids (phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign organisms) |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | protein receptors bind only specific kinds of particles from outside the cell, and move them through the cell membrane... specific particles are called ligands |
| exocytosis | expelling substances from cell in a reverse of the process of endocytosis |
| transcytosis | combines endo - and exocytosis to transport particles across cells |
| checkpoints | events which control the cell cycle |
| what is cell cycle regulated by? | hormones, growth factors |
| inerphase | large amount of synthetic activity.. several phases.. S phase-DNA replicated, G1 phase - cell undergoes growth, G2 phase when other structures are replicated in preparation for cell division |
| Mitosis | meiosis (reduction division) - sex cells only |
| mitosis and cytokineses increases what? | cell numbers |
| Mitosis phases.. | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis |
| prophase | chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle fibers form |
| metaphase | chromosomes line up along midline of cell, spindle fibers attach to centrosomes |
| anaphase | chromatids separate, move toward opposite ends of cell |
| telophase | chromatids complete movement to ends, nuclear envelope re-forms, nucleoli appear, microtubules disassemble into molecules |
| cytokinesis | pinches inward, separating the two newly formed nuclei, and distributing half the organelles into each new cell |
| cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) | begins during anaphase; cell membrane starts to constrict down the middle (clevage furrow) |
| telomeres | number of cell divisions is under the control of a built-in "clock" at the tips of the chromosomes. shorten with each division, until, the cell no longer divides |
| tumors | too frequent or continual mitosis |
| benign | remains in place, but grows to interfere with function |
| malignant | grows outward, extensions, eventually cells migrate to other areas of the body |
| oncogenes | abnormal versions of genes that regulate cell cycle |
| inactive tumor suppressor genes | leads to uncontrolled mitosis |
| differentiation | the process of cell specialization |
| stem cells | cells that retain the ability to divide repeatedly without specialization |
| progenitor cell | slightly more specialized than a stem cell |
| apoptosis | cell death as a result of normal development rather than injury or disease |
| apoptosis steps | rounds up and bulges.. nuclear membrane breaks down.. chromatin condenses.. enzymes chop the chromosomes into small pieces.. cell shatters into membrane-enclosed fragments.. scavenger cells consume and digest the fragments |
| anabolism | buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones (growth and repair) |
| dehydration synthesis | linking smaller units into larger molecules removes a hydroxyl group (OH) and a hydrogen atom which react to produce water (H2O) |
| catabolism | breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones |
| hydrolysis | decomposes carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and splits a water molecule in the process often reversible, although enzymes for catabolism are often different from those of anabolism |
| activation energy | promote chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed to start the reaction |
| catalysis | speed up rates of chemical reactions |
| substrate | particular chemical on which enzymes act |
| metabolic pathways | sequences of enzyme-controlled reactions |
| rate-limiting enzyme | often the first enzyme in a series |
| cofactor | nonprotein component |
| coenzyme | may be an ion of an element, or a small organic molecule, such as a vitamin |
| vitamins | essential organic molecules that cannot be synthesized at all or in sufficient amounts, and must come from the diet |
| oxidation | cells release energy from glucose molecules |
| what is ATP? | adenosine triphosphate |
| what is ADP? | adenosine diphosphate |
| glycolysis | occurs in the cytosol, does not require oxygen (anaerobic), produces pyruvic acid |
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