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Gullett-Bio-Unit4
Biology-Unit4-Evolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| evolution | the process of change by which new species develop from preexisting species over time |
| species | a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring; also the level of classification below genus and above subspecies |
| fossil | the trace or remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock |
| variation | differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it belongs |
| adaptation | the process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or population's ability to survive |
| biogeography | the study of the geographical distribution of living organsims and fossils on Earth |
| homologous structure | body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions |
| analogous structure | body part that is similar in function as a body part of another organism but is structurally different |
| vestigial structure | remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor |
| gene flow | the movement of genes into or out of a popoulation due to interbreeding |
| genetic dift | the random change in allele frequency in a population |
| bottleneck effect | genetic drift that results from an event that drastically reduces the size of population |
| founder effect | genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area |
| sexual selection | an evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of individuals to attact or acquire mates appear with increaseing frequency in a population |
| reproductive isolation | a state in which a particular set of populations can no longer interbreed to produce future generations of offspring |
| speciation | the formation of new species as a result of evolution |
| behavioral isolation | isolation between population due to differences in courtship or mating behavior |
| geographic isolation | isolation between populations due to physical barriers |
| temporal isolation | isolation between populations due to barriers related to time, such as differences in mating periods or differences in the time of day that individuals are the most active |
| convergent evolution | the process by which unrelated species became more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment |
| divergent evolution | evolution of one or more closely related species into differen species; resulting from adaptations to different environmental conditions |
| coevolution | the evolution of two or more species that is due to mutual influence often in a way that makes the relationship more mutually beneficial |
| extinction | the death of every member of a species |
| cyanobacteria | bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis |
| endosymbiosis | a mutually beneficial relationship in which one orgnaism lives within another |
| phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group |
| cladistics | a phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa |
| cladogram | a diagram that is based on patterns of shared derived traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms |
| derived character | a feature or trait involved only within a particular taxonomic group |
| taxonomy | the science of describing, naming and classifying organsisms |
| taxon | any taxonomic group of any rank in a hierarchical classification of organisms,; for example: genus, species, or class |
| binomial nomenclautre | a system for giving each organisms a two -word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name. |
| genus | the level of classification that comes after family and contains similar species |
| domain | the most broad taxon for classifying living organisms of which there are three: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota |
Created by:
lpgullett
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