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exam 2 for anp 232
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is jaundice | excess bilirubin |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Growth Hormone | Anterior Pituitary Gland, systemic, non steroid, makes things grow (bones, muscle) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Thyroid-Stimulating (tsh) | Anterior Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, non-steroid, influences metabolism |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Adreno-corticotroptic (acth) | Anterior pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, non-steroid, regulates adrenal activity (controls) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Prolactin (PRL) | Anterior Pituitary Gland, Mammary gland, non steroid, makes milk |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Luteinizing(LH) | Anterior Pituitary gland, gonads, non steroid, stimulate sex organs |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of follicle-stimulating (fsh | anterior pituitary gland, gonads, turns on gonads |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Anti-diuretic (ADH | hypothalamus, kidneys, non steroid, reabsorb water |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of oxytocin )OT( | hypothalamus, smooth muscle (uterous) nonsteroid, stimulates milk and gets baby out |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Thyroid (t3 &t4) | thyroid gland, systemic, non steroid, Controls rate of metabolism |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Calcitonin | Thyroid gland, systemic, decreases blood calcium levels (by taking it out of blood and building bones osteoblasts) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Parathyroid (PTH) | Parathyroid gland, oseteoclast, non steroid, raises blood calcium levels (by taking bone, destroying it and releasing the calcium into the blood) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Mineral corticoids (aldosterone) | adrenal cortex, systemic (kidney tubules), STEROID, regulates water and electrolyte balance in cells (salt content) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of glucocorticoids (cortisol) | adrenal cortex, systemic, STEROID, raise blood glucose levels during stress (quickly) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Androgens (sex hormones) | Adrenal cortex & gonads, systemic, steroids, stimulates sex organ growth, muscle mass, secondary sex organs |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of insulin | pancreas islets beta, systemic, non steroid, lower blood sugar levels |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of glucagon | pancreas islets alpha, systemic and liver, non steroid, raises blood sugar level |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of melatonin | pineal gland, brain, non steroid, inhibits precocious sex and promotes sleep. |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Atrial Naturetic | Heart, Kidney, non steroid, gets rid of salt |
| Which organs are responsible for removing old blood cells from the body | liver and spleen |
| which hormones are direct antagonists | calcitonin and pth, insulin and glucagon, aldosterone and anp |
| what are tropic hormones | hormones that direct the action of other hormones (Management) |
| what are the tropic hormones | TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH |
| What are releasing hormones | hormones that direct the tropic hormones |
| location of synthesis of releasing hormones and job | they are made in the hypothalamus and sent out the anterior pituitary gland |
| receptor types | photo, chemical, mechanical, baro, thermo- |
| photoreceptors detect.. | light |
| chemical receptors detect.. | chemical...taste and smell |
| mechanical receptors detect | changes in vibration...hearing |
| baro | changes in pressure |
| thermoreceptors detect changes | in temperature |
| vision pathway | cornea, awueas humor, pupil, lens, vitrious humor, retina, to rods and cones...light detection for r & c is pigment (rhodipsin) to opsin to pde which closes sodium channels and turns off nerves and sends a "negative" to the occipital lobe |
| sound pathway | sound starts in external ear, hits ear drum, vibrates ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrates cochlea which is filled with fluid and vibrates the little hair cells connected to cranial nerves and sends to temporal lobe |
| ear balance pathway | move head, moves fluid in semi-circular canals, moves hairs connected to nerves to cerebellum |
| steps to determine balance | 1. vision. 2. dynamic equilibrium 3. static equilibrium. 4 proprioreceptors (muscles |
| static ear balance | rocks fall with gravity, otoliths "ear Rocks", move hairs and talk to cerebellum |
| normal hemocrit | 45% |
| amenia types | iron deficiency, hemorragic, b12 deficiency, sicle cell amenia |
| blood jobs | transportation of gasses, nutrients, waste |
| components of blood | rbc, wbc, platlets |
| rbcs | red blood cells- carry gasses (oxygen and co2), made in bone marrow |
| wbcs | immunity - lukacites |
| platlets | important for clotting |
| plasma | watery medium that plasma floats in. contains waste, nutrients, gasses |
| When oxygen levels are low... | more EPO is made and sent from the Liver and Kidneys to tell the bone marrow to make more blood. |
| getting rid of old RBC's | starts in liver and spleen where the liver takes out the iron (done by transferrin), amino acids go to the plasma, rest goes to bilirindin to the bile to bilirubin in liver and gallbladder to intestines and end in rectum. |
| universal donor blood type | o- |
| universal blood type reciepent | ab+ |
| getting cut repair steps | vessel spasm (shrinks, vasoconstruct). platlet plug. clotting |
| clotting cascade | Tissue factor > PF3 > X > Prothrombin Activator > makes thrombin which makes fibrin (clotting) and plasmin (clot destroyer) |
| TPA - tissue plasmin activator | for stroke victims |
| Heart anatomy | 2 atrium and 2 ventricles (chambers) |
| arteries move... | away from the heart |
| veins move... | to the heart |
| Pulmonary circut | trips to the lungs |
| Systemic circut | trips to everywhere else in the body |
| Blood pathway | in through the superior/inferior vena cava to the RA through Tricuspid valve > RV out the Pulmonary artery > lungs > Pulmonary Vein > LA through Bicuspid valve > LV > out the Aorta to body |
| Pulmonary side | Right side (used blood, lack of oxygen) |
| Systemic side | Left side (new blood, oxygen, red) |
| starley law | if you "prestretch" the heart you are able to get more blood in |
| cardiac cycle | ventricle fill with blood from atrium, ventricles systole (contract) and valves close behind blood, blood leaves via artery, isovolumetric relaxiation |
| Intrinsic Conduction System | SA Node (Pacemaker, P Wave, atria contract, Autorhythmic), AV Node (ventricles contract, autorhythmic, QRS wave), Reset (relaxing T-Wave) |
| Cardiac Action Potential | 1. sodium goes in. 2. calcium in. (depolarization) Also the calcium in makes for a pause to fill the ventricles. Potassium out (repolarization) |
| cardiac output | heart rate (pulse) X stroke volume |
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