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Biology Chapter 6
Meiosis/Mitosis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| somatic cell | somatic cell any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells |
| gamete | a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| homologous chromosome | one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent |
| autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| sex chromosome | a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete |
| fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
| diploid | a cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number |
| haploid | a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes |
| meiosis | cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |
| sperm | male reproductive cell |
| egg | female reproductive cell |
| trait | a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. |
| genetics | the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms |
| cross | the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids |
| law of segregation | members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair |
| gene | a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| allele | one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits |
| homozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait |
| heterozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait |
| genome | the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism |
| genotype | the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits |
| phenotype | the physical traits that appear in an individual as a result of its genetic make up. |
| dominant | trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present |
| recessive | The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism. |
| Punnett Square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| monohybrid cross | a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas) |
| dihybrid cross | a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each |
| law of independent assortment | each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random |
| probability | a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur |
| crossing over | the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis |
| genetic linkage | tendency for alleles of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together |
Created by:
DakotahKrumrie
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