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Biology Quick Study
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | "control center" of the cell; stores DNA |
| Mitochondria | produces ATP (energy) through respiration |
| Chloroplast | produces glucose (sugar) through photosynthesis |
| Ribosome | makes protein during DNA translation |
| Cell membrane | controls what enters or exits the cell |
| vacuole | stores water and salts |
| cell wall | protects the plant cell and bacteria cells |
| lysosome | digest things in the cell |
| Golgi | package things and send them where they need to go |
| E.R. | assembly line of the cell |
| centriole | helps with animal cell division |
| Prokaryote | lacks a nucleus; only bacteria |
| Eukaryote | has a nucleus |
| Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | Pro - plasmid, capsule, tiny Eu - specialized organelles, larger |
| plasmid | small circular loop of DNA in bacteria |
| capsule | sticky coating around the outside of bacteria |
| binary fission | how bacteria reproduce |
| virus | non-living, self replicating; made of just protein and DNA; injects DNA into healthy cell to replicate |
| Surface Area to Volume ratio | The larger the ratio, the more efficient a cell is in getting nutrients inside |
| diffusion | movement of small particles from high concentration to low; no energy |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| lipid bilayer or Fluid Mosaic Model | cell membrane |
| facilitated transport | channel that allows larger things to move through cell membrane from high to low concentration; no energy |
| transport protein | changes shape to allow bigger things into or out of the cell; needs energy |
| endocytosis | getting big thing INTO the cell |
| exocytosis | getting big things OUT of the cell |
| passive transport | no energy needed |
| active transport | energy needed |
| cilia | fine hairs used for movement |
| flagella | whip-like structure used for movement |
| pseudopod | false foot (amoeba) |
| Photosynthesis | the process of using light to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen |
| Respiration | the process of turning sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP |
| ATP | molecule of energy |
| Autotroph | makes its own food |
| Heterotroph | gets food from other things |
| Trophic level | each step of the food chain |
| Fermentation | process where organisms make energy without needing oxygen, and alcohol is an extra product |
| Aerobic | needs oxygen |
| Anaerobic | doesn't need oxygen |
| DNA | heredity material that has the "code" for a living thing |
| Double helix | spiral shape of DNA |
| Nucleotide | monomer (piece) of DNA |
| Nitrogen base | G,T,A,C (DNA) G,U,A,C (RNA) |
| Complementary base pairs | A-T, C-G (DNA) A-U, C-G (RNA) |
| Watson and Crick | figured out the shape of DNA |
| RNA | copies a section of DNA, and then translates that into a protein |
| mRNA | carries the DNA message to the ribosome |
| DNA replication | making a copy of a DNA strand |
| Transcription | DNA -> RNA |
| Translation | RNA --> protein |
| Amino acid | building block (monomer) of a protein |
| Peptide bond | bond that holds amino acids together |
| Central dogma | DNA ----> RNA ----> protein |
| Franklin | helped with DNA structure |
| DNA fingerprinting | help identify a person based on their DNA pattern |
| Cloning | identical copy |
| Human Genome Project | map of the human genome |
| codon | set of three bases that code for an amino acid |
Created by:
GarrisonWAHS
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