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ADV Bio Ch 5
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| macromolecules | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. |
| polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. |
| monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| carbohydrate | A sugar(monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| polysaccharide | A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. |
| lipids | One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
| fatty acid | A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Vary in length and number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. |
| protein | A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
| amino acid | An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides. |
| gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). |
| nucleic acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. 2 types are DNA and RNA. |
| DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single stranded; |
| nucleotides | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. |
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Mr.Devine
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