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Bio Genetics Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mitosis | cell division resulting in two daughter cells |
| Chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| Chromatid | each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. |
| Somatic Cells | any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. |
| Cytokineses | the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells. |
| Apoptosis | the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development. |
| Sister Cromatids | pieces of identical DNA that are crucial in the process of cell replication and division. |
| Centromere | the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division. |
| Spindle Fibre | Any of a network of filaments that collectively form a mitotic spindle |
| Cell Plate | a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells. |
| Cleavage furrow | the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis |
| Meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell |
| Diploid | containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. |
| Haploid | having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring |
| Independent assortment | formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| Homologus Pair | a pair of chromosomes containing a maternal and paternal chromatid joined to together at the centromere |
| Synapsis | the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis. |
| Gametes | a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
| Nondisjunction | the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division |
| Alleles | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| Locus | in genetics, is the specific location or position of a gene |
| Law of Segregation | during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent |
| Law of Independent assoment | when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production |
| Dominant Allele | An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even when heterozygous with a recessive allele |
| Recessive Allele | The first allele is dominant and the second allele is recessive. For genes on an autosome (any chromosome other than a sex chromosome), the alleles and their associated traits are autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. Dominance is a key concept in Me |
| Genotpe | the genetic constitution of an individual organism. |
| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| Homozygus | a pair of matching alleles, which are the two genes that control a particular trait. |
| Heterozygus | having the two genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes different for one or more loci |
| Trait | a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism that may be inherited, be environmentally determined or be a combination of the two |
| Mono-hybrid cross | A monohybrid cross is a mating between two individuals with different alleles at one genetic locus of interest. The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two or multiple alleles for a single locus. |
| One-Trait Test Cross | A test cross is a way to explore the genotpye of an organism |
| Di-Hybrid Cross | Dihybrid cross is a cross between two pure lines (varieties, strains) that differ in two observed traits. In Mendelian sense, between the alleles of both these loci there is a relationship of complete dominance - recessive. |
| Codominant | Codominance is a relationship between two versions of a gene |
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