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Chapter 11
The Evolution of Populations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gene pool | the combined alleles of all of the individuals in a population |
| allele frequency | a measure of how common a certain allele is in the population |
| normal distribution | type of distribution in which the frequency is highest near the mean value and decreases toward each extreme end of the range |
| microevolution | the observable change in the allele frequencies of a population over time |
| directional selection | type of selection that favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait's range |
| stabilizing selection | type of selection where the intermediate phenotype is favored and becomes more common in the population |
| disruptive selection | type of selection that occurs when both extreme phenotypes are favored while individuals with intermediate phenotypes are selected against |
| gene flow | the movement of alleles from one population to another |
| genetic drift | a change in allele frequencies that causes a loss of genetic diversity in a population |
| bottleneck effect | genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of a population |
| founder effect | genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area |
| sexual selection | occurs when certain traits increase mating success |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | describes five conditions needed for a population to stay in equilibrium: 1) very large population, 2) no emigration or immigration, 3) no mutations, 4) random mating, 5) no natural selection |
| reproductive isolation | isolation that occurs when member of different populations can no longer mat successfully with one another |
| speciation | the rise of two or more species from one existing species |
| behavioral isolation | isolation caused by difference in courtship or mating behaviors |
| geographic isolation | isolation that involves physical barriers that divide a population into two or more groups |
| temporal isolation | isolation that exists when timing prevents reproduction between populations |
| convergent evolution | evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species |
| divergent evolution | when closely related species evolve in different directions |
| coevolution | the process in which two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other |
| extinction | the elimination of a species from Earth |
| punctuated equilibrium | states that episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time and are followed by long periods of little evolutionary changes |
| adaptive radiation | the diversification of one ancestral species into many descendent species |
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