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Intro to Sociology
vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sociology | the systematic study of human society |
| manifest functions | the recognized and intended consequences of a social structure or institution in society |
| latent functions | the unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social structure or institution in society |
| social dysfunction | any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society |
| variable | a concept whose value changes from case to case |
| correlation | a relationship in which two or more variables changes together |
| cause and effect | a relationship in which change in one variable (the independent variable cause change in another (the dependent variable) |
| culture | the way of thinking, the way of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life |
| society | people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture |
| values | culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living |
| beliefs | specific statements that people hold to be true |
| norms | rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
| mores | norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance |
| folkways | norms for routine or casual interaction |
| technology | knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings |
| socialization | the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learns culture |
| personality | a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling |
| id | Freud's term for the human being's basic drives |
| ego | Freud's term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society |
| superego | Freud's term for cultural values and norms internalized by an individual |
| sensorimotor stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses |
| preoperational stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols |
| concrete operational stage | Piaget's term for the level of of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings |
| formal operational stage | Piaget's term for the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically |
| self | George Herbert Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image |
| looking-glass self | Charles Horton Cooley's term of self-image based on how we think other sees us |
| significant others | people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization |
| generalized other | Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as reference in evaluating ourselves |
| peer group | the social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common |
| total institution | a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by administrative staff |
| resocialization | radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling their environment |
| social interaction | the process by which people act and react in relation to others |
| status | a social position that a person a holds |
| status set | all the statuses a person hold at a given time |
| ascribed status | a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntary later in life |
| achieved status | a social position a person takes on voluntary that reflects personal ability and effort |
| master status | a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life |
| role | behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
| role set | a number of roles attached to a single status |
| role conflict | conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses |
| role strain | tension among the roles connected to a single status |
| social construction of reality | the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction |
| Thomas theorem | W.I. Thomas' statement that situations define as real are real in their consequences |
| personal space | the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy |
| social group | two or more people who identify and interact with one another |
| primary group | small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships |
| secondary group | a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
| dyad | a social group with two members |
| formal organization | a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently |
| organizational environment | factors outside an organization that affect its operation |
| bureaucratic ritualism | a focus on rules and regulations to the point of interfering with an organization's goals |
| sex | the biological distinction between females and males |
| primary sex characteristics | the genitals, organs used for reproduction |
| secondary sex characteristics | bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males |
| sexual orientation | a person' romantic and emotional attraction to another person |
| pornography | sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal |
| deviance | the recognized violation of cultural norms |
| crime | the violation of society's formally enacted criminal law |
| social control | attempt by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior |
| criminal justice system | a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law |
| labeling theory | the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much form what people do as form how others respond to those actions |
| stigma | a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity |
| crimes against the person | (violent crimes) crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others |
| retribution | an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime |
| deterrance | the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment |
| rehabilitation | a program for reforming the offender to prent later offenses |
| societal protection | rendering an offender incapable of further offense temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution |
| criminal recidivism | later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes |
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