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Ch. 9 quiz
gen biology chapter 9 quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Interphase | When a cell performs its usual functions depending on its location in the body. Growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing |
| G1 | Growth as certain organelles double |
| S | The synthesis stage, where the chromosomes of dupicated |
| G2 | Growth as the cell prepares to divide. |
| Mitotic Stage | includes mitosis and cytokineses |
| Mitosis | nuclear division |
| Prophase | chromatin has condensed and the chromosomes are visible so nuclear division is about to occur |
| Prometaphase | preperations for sister chromatid seperation are evident |
| Metaphase | the centromeres of chromosomes are now in alignement on a single plane at the center of the cell |
| Anaphase | the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosomes separate at the centromere, giving rise to the two daughter chromosomes |
| telophase | the spindle disappears as new nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| what regulates the cell? | The three major checkpoints: G1, G2, and M checkpoints |
| Steps in apoptosis | 1- the cell rounds 2-the nucleus fragments and plasma membrane blisters 3- the cell fragments are engulfed in white blood cells and or neighboring cells and the cell dies |
| Importance of mitosis | It permits growth and replair |
| importance of apoptosis | it keeps the number of cells in the body at an appropriate level |
| difference between reproductive and theraputic cloning | reproductive- the production of a new individual therapuetic- the production of human tissues |
| difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells | plant- formation of cell plate animal- divides the cytoplasm |
| characteristics of cancer cells | non differentiated, abnormal nuclei, do not undergo apoptosis, no contact inhibition, disorganized/multilayered, and undergo metastasis |
| characteristics of non caner cells | differentiated, normal nuclei, undergo apoptosis, contact inhibition, and one organized layer |
| steps of cancer | 1-new mutations arise, one cell can start a tumor 2-one cell mutates farthur, tumar at origin 3-cancer cells now can travel throughout the body 4-new metastic tumors are found some distance from primary tumor/ cancer spread. |
| what occurs during binary fission? | two daughter cells are produced asexually that are indentical to the original parent cell |
| differences in functions of mitosis in prokaryotes and animal/plant cells? | prokaryotes- asexual repoduction animal/plant cells- development, growth and repair |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| angiogenesis | when additional mutations occuring in the tumor cells allow them to direct growth of new blood vessels into the tumor |
| asexual reproduction | when the offspring are genetically identical to the parent |
| aster | an array of microtubules that radiate toward the plasma membrane from the centrosomes |
| benign | an abnormal cell growth that is not cancerous and usually does not grow larger |
| cancer | a cellular growth disorder that occurs when cells divide uncontrollably |
| chromatid | each double helix |
| diploid(2n) | the full number of chromosomes found in all cells of the individual |
| haploid | half the diploid number |
| malignant | it is cancerous and possesses the ability to spread |
| oncogene | cancer causing gene |
| p53 | signaling protein that stops the cell cycle at the g1 checkpoint when dna is dammaged |
| telomere | ends of chromosomes |
| tumor supressor gene | code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis |
| somatic cell | body cell that increases by cell division and decreases by apoptosis |
| kinetochore | protein complexes that develop on either side of the centromere during cell division |
| histone | involved in organizing the chromosomes |
| what is used in glycolysis | glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, and 4 P |
| What is formed in glycolysis | pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ADP, and 4 ATP total |
| what enzymes or co enzymes are used in this stage | NADH |
| what protiens are used in glycolysis | none |
| is solar energy used in glycolosis | No |
| does chemiosmosis occur in glycolysis | no |
| where does glycolysis take place in the cell | cytoplasm |
| is oxygen needed in glycolysis | no |
| how many net atp are produced in glycolysis | 2 |
| aerobic | a chemical process that requires oxygen |
| anabolism | chemical reaction in which smaller molecules are combined to form larger molecules |
| anaerobic | a chemical reaction that occurs in the absense of oxygen |
| catabolism | metabolic process that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones |
| cellular respiration | metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules |
| chemiosmosis | process by which mitochondria and chloropasts use the energy of an electron transport chain to create a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation |
| exergonic reaction | puts off heat |
| endergonic reaction | needs heat |
| what is the chemical formula for cellular respiration | C6H12O6+6O2---->6H2O+6CO2+ATP (energy) |
| what are the reactants of cellular respiration | glucose and oxygen |
| what are the products of cellular respiration | carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP) |
| is cellular respiration an exergonic or endergonic reaction | endergonic |
| what role does FAD and NAD+ play in cellular respration | FAD- delivers electrons to ETC after becoming FADH2 NAD+- carries electrons to the ETC in the mitochondria |
| number of ATP in each step of cellular respiration | glycolysis- 2 prep phase- none citric acid cycle-2 ETC- 32-36 |
| number of ATP from each co enzyme | FADH2-2 NADH-3 |
| what are the four phases of cellular respiration | glycolysis, prep RXN, citric acid cycle, and ETC |
| where does each phase take place | glycolysis-cytoplasm, Prep phase- mitochondria, citric acid cycle- matrix of mitochondria, and ETC- cristae of mitochondria |
| which phases are anerobic | glycolysis and fermentation |
| which phases are aerobic | prep cycle, cirtic acid cycle, and ETC |
| what is the importance of oxygen in the ETC | final electron acceptor molecule |
| importance of anabolism | builds molecule |
| importance of catabolism | breaks down molecules |
| synthesis | consumes energy |
| degredation | release of energy |
| `oxidation | loss of electrons |
| reduction | gain of electron |
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destinyluye
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