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Gene Reg. & Cancer
Ch. 12 Gene Regulation & Cancer (Adv. Biology)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The major challenge to therapeutic cloning using adult stem cells is controlling _____ | Gene Expression |
| Cancer cells exhibit abnormal characteristics because ___ of gene expression has been lost. | Control |
| When heterochromatin undergoes unpacking, it becomes ___, a more loosely packed form of chromatin that contains active genes. | Euchromatin |
| Stem cells have been used since the 1960s as a treatment for ___, cancer of the bone marrow/blood tissue. | Leukemia |
| A ___ (small and mobile sequence of DNA that has the ability to move throughout the genome) may cause cancer if a gene needed for the cell cycle is disrupted. | Transposon |
| Mutations in the DNA lead to a breakdown of control which may lead to the development of cancer, especially when it affects the ____ | Cell cycle |
| ____ for medical purposes could have the potential to benefit large numbers of people when it comes to understanding more about human diseases and creating identical tissues for transplant. | Cloning |
| In humans, and other mammals, a female with two X chromosomes possesses a ___, an inactivated X chromosome. | Barr body |
| Well-known oncogenic virus which is the primary cause of cervical cancer. | Human papillomavirus |
| Have the ability to become any cell within the human body | Embryonic stem cells |
| Have the ability to become any cell pertaining to a particular tissue, within the human body. | Adult stem cells |
| Partially developed or specialized stem cells are said to be... | Multipotent |
| Undeveloped, blank stem cells are said to be... | Totipotent |
| Portion of DNA wrapped around a group of histone molecules within a chromosome | Nucleosome |
| Desired ed is an individual that is exactly like the original individual | Reproductive cloning |
| Some ___ are characterized by their ability to insert viral DNA into human chromosomes, sometimes inserting oncogenes which cause cancer | Viruses |
| Govern functions that are common to many types of cells, so they are virtually always expressed no matter which cell | Housekeeping genes |
| Darkly stained portions of chromatin that represent tightly, compacted and inactive genetic material | Heterochromatin |
| Transcription in eukaryotes follows the same principles as in bacteria, except that many more ___ per gene are involved | Regulatory proteins |
| Type of relationship shared by humans and certain strains of E. coli | Mutualistic symbiotic |
| Typically, ___ occurs because chemicals bind to a receptor protien in a target cell's plasma membrane | Cell-signaling |
| A cluster of genes along with the DNA sequences that control their transcription | Operon |
| Short DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches | Promoter |
| Protein that normally binds to the operator, which lies next to the promoter | Repressor |
| Enzyme that joins nucleotides complementary to a DNA template, during transcription, thus making a copy of the instructions written in the DNA | RNA polymerase |
| Codes for a repressor | Regulatory gene |
| The prevalence of cancer ____ with age | Increases |
| Family of disease having the common characteristic of uncontrolled cell division | Cancer |
| E. coli makes ___ enzymes that help humans to break down lactose. | Three |
| Gene expression is controlled by ____ mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. | Five |
| Males who, through nondisjunction, have two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome - having one barr body - are diagnosed with... | Klinefelter Syndrome |
| In cats, X inactivation is responsible for the ____ coat coloring. | Calico |
| Mechanism by which the same primary mRNA can produce different protein products according to the way it's spliced together | Alternative mRNA processing |
| Cells that are ___, such as nerve cells and cardiac muscle cells, seldom become cancer cells because they rarely divide. | Highly specialized |
| ___ and cells lining cavities of lungs, liver, uterus and kidneys as well as skin cells are frequently lost and replaced, so are often involved in cancerous tumors. | Fibroblasts |
| The ___ of the cell cycle regulate how frequently a cell may replicate- A lost of these control mechanisms may lead to cancer. | Checkpoints |
| Medical procedure in which a special camera is used to examine the large intestine and rectum for signs of cancer and other disease. | Colonoscopy |
| Normally, cells experience ____ - reluctance to grow/divide when there is crowding of the cells. | Contact inhibition |
| Code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and inhibit checkpoints. | Proto-oncogenes |
| Code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis | Tumor suppressor genes |
| Signal that activates a cell-signaling pathway by bringing about phosphorylation of a signaling-protein | Growth factor |
| Repeating DNA sequence at the end of the chromosome | Telomere |
| Result of a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 | Philadelphia chromosome |
| Small, mobile sequences of DNA that have the ability to move throughout the genome | Transposons |
| Portion of a chromosome may break off and reattach to another chromosome in a(n) ___ | Translocation |
| ___ are available to detect the presence of many genes, including those that have a tendency to cause cancer | Genetic tests |
| The RB gene is also a tumor suppressor gene but takes it's name from its association with the eye tumor called a ____ | Retinoblastoma |
| The ___ gene, a proto-oncogene, predisposes a person to thyroid cancer and can be passed from parent to child. | RET gene |
| BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes with links to... | Breast cancer |
| If the genetic test for the 'ras' oncogene in urine is positive, a doctor can suspect ___ | Bladder cancer |
Created by:
SavannahElkins
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