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Meiosis and Mendel
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| somatic cell | cells that make up most of the body tissues and organs |
| gametes | sex cells |
| homologous chromosome | two chromosomes that have the same length and general appearance |
| autosome | a chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism |
| sex chromosome | chromosomes that directly control the development of sexual characteristics |
| sexual reproduction | process that involves the fusion of two gametes that results in offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents |
| fertilization | the actual fusion of an egg and a sperm cell |
| diploid | a cell that has two copies of each chromosome (one copy from the mother and one copy from the father) |
| haploid | a cell that has only one copy of each chromosomes |
| meiosis | a form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells |
| gametogenesis | the productions of gametes |
| sperm | the male gamete |
| egg | the female gamete |
| polar body | a cell with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down |
| trait | distinguishing characteristics that are inherited |
| genetics | the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation in organisms |
| purebred | genetically uniform |
| cross | the mating of two organisms |
| law of segregation | (Mendel's first law) states that (1) organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent, and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes |
| gene | a piece of DNA that provides a set of instructions to a cell to make a certain protein |
| allele | the alternative form s of a gene that may occur at a specific locus |
| homozygous | two of the same alleles at a specific locus |
| heterozygous | two different alleles at a specific locus |
| genome | all of an organism's genetic material |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of a specific set of genes |
| phenotype | the physical characteristics of an individual organism |
| dominant | the allele that is expressed when two different alleles or two of this type of allele are present |
| recessive | the allele that is only expressed when two copies of this type of allele are present |
| Punnett square | a grid system for prediction all possible genotypes resulting from a cross |
| monohybrid cross | a cross that examines the inheritance of only one specific trait |
| testcross | a cross between an organism with unknown genotype and a n organism with the recessive phenotype |
| dihybrid cross | a cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits |
| law of independent assortment | a law that states that allele pairs separate independently of each other during gamete formation |
| probability | the likelihood that a particular event will happen |
| crossing over | the exchange of chromosomes segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I |
| genetic linkage | when genes that are located together are inherited together |
Created by:
tuohybio1415
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