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Biology Test 2- Loui
Biology Test Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an Organic? | Describes a compound that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
| What is Condensation? | Process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms. |
| What is an Enzyme? | Compound that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it. |
| What is usually an Enzyme? | A protein |
| What is a Functional Group? | A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; impacts a specific chemical property to the molecule. |
| What is a Hydrocarbon? | Compound that consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
| What is Hydrolysis? | Process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into small subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to on part and a hydrogen atom to another. |
| What is Metabolism? | All the enzymes-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules. |
| What is a monomer? | Molecules that are subunits of polymers |
| What is a Polymer? | Molecules that consists of multiple monomers |
| What is reaction? | Process of molecular change |
| What is Carbohydrates? | Molecules that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| What is cellulose? | Polysaccharides; major structural material in plants |
| What is disaccharides? | polymer of two sugar subunits |
| What is glycogen? | Polysaccharide; energy reservoir in animal cells |
| What is monosarccharides? | simple sugar; monomer of polysaccharides |
| What is Polysaccharides? | polymer of many monosaccharides |
| What is starch? | Polysaccharides;energy reservoir in plant cells |
| What is fat? | Lipid that consists of glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acid tails. |
| What is Fatty acid? | Organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end. Carbon chain of saturated types has single bonds only; that of unsaturated types has one more double bond. |
| What is a lipid? | fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound |
| What is a lipid bilayer? | Double layer of lipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes? |
| What is phosopholipid? | A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two non polar fatty acid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes |
| What is saturated fatty acid? | Fatty acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bond. |
| What is a steroid | Type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails. |
| What is a triglyceride? | Fat with three fatty acid tails. |
| What is unsaturated fatty acid? | Fatty acid that has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in its tail. |
| What is wax? | Water-repellent mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long chain alcohols or carbon rings. |
| What is Amino Acid? | Small organic compound that is subunits of Proteins. Consists of carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom. |
| What is peptide bond? | A bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another . Joins amino acids in proteins. |
| What is Protein? | Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids. |
| What is polypeptide? | Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
| What is Denature? | to unravel the shape of a biological molecule |
| What is prion? | Infectious protein |
| What is ATP? | Adenosine triphosphate. Nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar and three phosphate groups. |
| What is DNA? | Deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information about traits; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix. |
| What is nucleic acid? | Single- or double- stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds; for example: DNA and RNA |
| What is nucleotide? | Monomer of nucleic acids; has a five carbon sugar, a nitrogen- containing base, and phosphate groups. |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid. Some types have roles in protein synthesis. |
| Organic molecules consists mainly of _____ atoms? | Carbon and Hydrogen |
| Each carob atom can share pairs of electrons with as many as ___ other atoms? | 4 |
| _____ groups impart polarity to alcohols. | Hydroxyl |
| _____ is a simle sugar (monosaccharides) | Glucose and Ribosome |
| What 3 carbohydrates can be built using only glucose monomers? | Starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| Unlike saturated fats, the fatty acid tails of unsaturated fats incorporate one or more ____? | double bonds |
| T/F? Unlike saturated fats, all unsaturated fats are beneficial to health because their fatty acid tails kink and do not pack together. | False |
| Steroids are among the lipids with no ____? | Fatty acid tails |
| Class of molecules that encompasses? | Lipids |
| ____ are to proteins as _____ are to nucleic acid? | Amino Acids Nucleotides |
| A denatured protein has lost its ____? | Hydrogen Bonds Shape Functions |
| What is not found in DNA? | Amino Acids |
| What is cell theory? | Every organism is composed of one or more cells. Cell is the smallest unit having properties of life. Continuity of life arises from growth and division of single cell. |
| What is cytoplasm? | Semifluid substance enclosed by a cells plasma membrane |
| What is a nucleus? | Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cells DNA |
| What is an organelle? | Structure that carries put a specialized metabolic function inside a cell |
| What is plasma membrane? | A cells outermost membrane |
| What is surface-to-volume ratio? | A relationshop in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square. |
| What is biofilm? | community of microorganisms living with a shared mass of slime |
| What is cell wall? | Semirigid but permeable structure that surround the plasma membrane of some cells |
| What is flagellum? | Long, slender cellular structure use for motility |
| What is nucleoid? | Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaea |
| What is Plasmid? | Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaea |
| What is ribosome? | Organelle of protein synthesis |
| What is Chromatin? | Collective term for DNA molecules together with their associated proteins. |
| What is Chromosome? | A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information. |
| What is nuclear envelope? | a double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross. |
| What is nucleolus? | In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled |
| What is nucleoplasm? | Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope |
| What is central vacuole? | Fluid-filled vesicles in many plant cells |
| What is endomembrane system? | series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane, produces lipids, proteins. |
| What is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? | Organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids; rough ER modifies polypeptides made by ribosomes on its surface. |
| What is golgi body? | Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles. |
| What is lysosomes? | Enzyme filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestions |
| What is a peroxisome? | Enzyme filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances |
| What is vacuole? | a fluid filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, and toxic materials |
| What is a vesicle? | small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle, different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents. |
| What is chloroplasts? | Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many proteins. |
| What is mitochondrion? | Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes. |
| What is Plastid? | Category of double-membraned organelle in plants and algal cells. Different types specialize in storage or photosynthesis; e.g., chloroplast, amyloplast. |
| What is basal body? | Organelle that develops from a centriole |
| What is cell cortex? | Reinforcing mesh of cytoskeletal elements under a plasma membrane |
| What is a centriole? | barrel shaped organelle from which microtubules grow. |
| What is cilium? | short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane and some eukaryotic cell |
| What is cytoskeleton? | Dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures. |
| What is intermediate filament? | stable cytoskeletal element that structurally supports cells and tissues. |
| What is microfilament? | reinforcing cytoskeletal element; a fiber of action subunit. |
| What is microtubule? | Cytoskeletal element involved in cellular movement; hollow filament of tubulin subunits |
| What is motor protein? | Types of energy-using proteins that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cells parts or the whole cell |
| What is pseudopod? | temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey. |
| What is adhering junction? | cell junction composed of adhesion proteins; anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix. |
| What is cell junction? | structure that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix |
| What is cuticle? | secreted covering at a body surface |
| What is extracellular matrix (ECM)? | Complex mixtures of cell secretions; supports cells and tissues; has roles in cell signaling. |
| What is a gap junction? | Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes and adjoining animal cells |
| What is lignin? | Material that stiffens cell walls of vascular plants. |
| What is plasmodesmata? | cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells. |
| What is primary wall? | the first cell wall of young plant cells |
| What is secondary wall? | lignin-reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of a plant cell |
| What is tight junction? | arrays of fibrous proteins; joined epithelial cells and collectively prevent fluids from leaking between them |
| T/F Ribosomes are only found in bacteria and archaea | False |
| Despite the diversity of cell type and function, all cells have these things in common.... | Cytoplasm, DNA and plasma membrane |
| Every cell is descended from another cell. This idea is part of ______? | Cell theory |
| Unlike eukaryotic cell, bacteria cells ____? | Have no nucleus |
| T/F All protists start out life with no nucleus. | False |
| Cell membranes consists mainly of _____? | Lipid bilayer and proteins |
| Enzymes contained in ______ break down worn out organelles, bacteria and other particles? | Lysosomes |
| Put in order according to the pathway of a secreted protein: | Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Bodies Post-Golgo Vesicles Plasma Membrane |
| The main function of the endomembrane system is building and modifying ______ and _____? | Lipids and Proteins |
| T/F The plasma membrane is the outermost component of all cells. | False |
| Which of the following organelles contains no DNA? | Golgi body |
| Cytoskeletal elements called ____ form a reinforcing mesh under the nuclear envelope. | Microfilaments |
| No animal cell has a ____? | cell wall |
| ______ connect the cytoplasm of plant cells? | Plasmodesmata |
| Intermediate filaments are a feature of ____ cells? | Eukaryotic |
| What is the difference between Organic and Inorganic Compounds? | organic compounds contain carbon atoms and inorganic compounds does not contain carbon |
| CHNOPS (Molecules of life) | Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Sulfer Phosphorus |
| What are the carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars Simplest Carbohydrates Sweet tasting, water soluble 5 to 6 carbon backbones |
| Disaccharides | Short Chain Carbohydrates Type of oligosaccharides Two mono bonded together Formed by a Condensation reaction |
| Polysaccharides | Complex Carbohydrates Many monomers Composed entirely of glucose (Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen) |
| What falls under Lipids? | Fatty acids, wax, cholesterol,trigycerides, saturated and unsaturated fats |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA- Genetic Code RNA- make energy which is the ATP |
| Proteins | made up of amino acids peptide bonds- several amino acids put together |
| Carbohydrates | Plants make starch Humans make glycogen we all make sugars |
| What is an example of Carb? | Pastas |
| What is an example of Proteins? | Fish, Chicken... Meats |
| What is an example of lipids? | candle wax |
| what is an example of nucleic acids? | RNA, DNA |
| Prokaryote | Bacteria do not carry a nucleus Plasma membrane, region where dna is stores and cytoplasm |
| Eukaryote | Humans... Carry a nucleus plasma membrane region where dna is stored cytoplasm |
| Example of Monosaccharides | Glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| Example of disaccharides | lactose, sucrose, and maltose |
| Examples of Polysaccharides | starch, cellulose, glycogen, and chitin |
| Lysosomes | carry enzymes |
| Mitochondria | power house of the cell |
| Chloroplasts | makes the green coloring called chlorophyll |
| Vesicles | carry information |
| Monomers lipids | fatty acids |
| monomers carbs | monosaccharides |
| monomers proteins | amino acids |
| proteins that lose function shape and hydrogen bonds are... | denaturized |
| Chitin | crunchyyy (when you step on a roach) |
Created by:
marygardner
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