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Cells and Energy
Term | Definition |
---|---|
ATP | a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes |
ADP | a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group |
chemosynthesis | a process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules |
photosynthesis | a process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy |
chlorophyll | a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light |
thylakoid | coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments |
light-dependent reactions | reactions that capture energy from sunlight |
light-independent reactions | reactions that use energy from the light-dependent reactions to make sugars |
photosystem | groups of molecules in with energy in captured and transferred in the thylakoid membranes |
electron transport chain | a series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid |
ATP synthase | the process that makes ATP by adding phosphate groups to ADP |
Calvin cycle | chemical reactions that use carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere and the energy carried by ATP and NADPH to make simple sugars |
cellular respiration | a process that releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present |
aerobic | a type of process that needs oxygen to take place |
glycolysis | the process that splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP |
anaerobic | a type of process that does not need oxygen to take place |
Krebs cycle | the cycle that produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration |
fermentation | an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue |
lactic acid | the substance that causes your muscles to "burn" during hard exercise |