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Ch. 3-5, 8
Biochemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the weakest type of bond? | hydrogen bonds |
| What are hydrophilic interactions? | interactions with H2O |
| What is the strongest type of bond? | covalent bonds |
| What is the chemistry of water? | polar covalent bonds; H2O molecules form H-bonds with each other |
| Why are we studying water | All life occurs in water; inside and outside of cell |
| What is cohesion & adhesion | surface tension & capillary action cohesion: the bonding of water molecules that pull each other along adhesion: the attraction of water molecules to other substances |
| What does it mean that water is the greatest solvent of life? | many molecules dissolve in H2O, hydrogen bonds can break up substances |
| What property describes why ice floats | lower density as a solid |
| What is moderation of a temperature | high specific heat = water stores heat high heat of vaporization = heats & cools slowly |
| How does water get to the top of trees? | transpiration is built of cohesion and adhesion; water goes through cell walls and permeable membranes |
| What makes water a good solvent | polarity |
| What is hydrophilic | substances that have an attraction to water; mainly polar. |
| What is hydrophobic | substances that do not dissolve in water, usually non-polar |
| What is polar | unevenly charged |
| Why is it important that ice floats? | so that bodies of water don't freeze solid, allows ice to survive in water. |
| How does freezing affect the layers of the ocean | water freezes on top so if ice sank than the water would freeze bottom up and kill life inside water |
| How is ice formed? | Hydrogen bonds form a crystal lattice |
| What is specific heat? | H2O is resistant to change in temperature |
| What does it mean that water moderates temperature | water stores heat and releases it. |
| more hydrogen ions? | acidic |
| less hydrogen ions | basic |
| [H+] and [-Oh] is equal | neutral |
| what is the pH of a solution that is 10^(-7) | seven |
| what do buffers do in our bodies | keep our body at a certain pH |
| Why is it important that our body maintains a certain pH | we would die if it didn't |
| What are some ways that buffers maintain that body's pH? | donates [H+] when falls, absorbs when too high. |
| What are the six most abundant elements of life (CHNOPS) | carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, sulfur |
| What do we study carbon | all life is built on carbon |
| What is organic chemistry | the study of carbon compounds |
| What are the properties of carbon? | bonding properties, 4 stable covalent bonds, basis of all life, different forms in which it exists |
| What are hydrocarbons? | combination of carbon and hydrogen |
| What are properties of hydrocarbons | non-polar, stable, very little attraction between molecules, gas at room temperature |
| What are macromolecules | smaller organic molecules join together to form large molcules |
| What are the four major classes of macromolecules | lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates |
| What are polymers and what are their building blocks? | long molecules built by linking repeating blocks in a change; monomers are building blocks |
| Which type of bonds hold together monomers | covalent bonds |
| What is the name of the process that binds together monomers | dehydration synthesis |
| What is the name of the process that breaks about monomers | hydrolysis |
| Which process loses a water molecule | dehydration synthesis |
| which process adds a water molecules | hydrolysis |
| What does hydrolysis require | energy and enzymes |
| What is an example of hydrolysis | digestion |
| What is an example of dehydration synthesis | condensation reaction |
| What does dehydration reaction require | energy and enzymes |
| What are the building blocks of carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
| What are that functions of carbs | energy, raw materials, energy storage, structural compounds |
| Most of the names of sugars end in what? | -ose |
| How are sugars classifies | by the number of carbons |
| When is the energy stored in carbon bonds harvested? | in cellular respiration |
| example of monosaccharide | glucose |
| example of disaccharide | sucrose |
| polysaccharides | starch |
| are polysaccharides reversible | yes; easily |
| How do certain polysaccharides polysaccharides differ? | molecular structure, isomers, |
| what is a structural isomer | same elements, different structure |
| What is cellulose | most abundant organic compound on earth, cell walls and such |
| What are ruminants? | able to digest cellulose through four chamber stomach and chew on cud |
| Hind-gut fermenters | eat waste |
| What is the most structurally &functionally diverse group | proteins |
| What are the monomers of proteins | amino acids |
| What make up amino acids | central carbons, amino groups, carboxyl gropus, r groups |
| What are r groups | variable groups that are different for each amino acids (side chain) |
| How is sulfur important | it forms disulfide bridges, (covalent crosslinks between sulfhydryls/stabilizes 3D structure) |
| What are peptide bonds? | covalent bonds between two amino acids/ carbon-nitrogen bond |
| What does it meant that polypeptide chains have direction? | can only grow in one direction |
| What does function depend on? | structure |
| primary structure | amino acid sequence-peptide bonds determined by DNA |
| secondary structure | k groups H bonds |
| What is tertiary structure | r groups hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges |
| quaternary structure | multiple polypeptide chains, hydrophobic interactions |
| What is protein denaturation | unfolding a protein, |
| What are some causes of protein dneaturation | extreme conditions of temperature pH and salinity |
| what does protein denaturation destroy | functionality |
| function of nucleic acids | genetic materials, stores info, genes, blueprint for making proteins |
| What are the two main nucleic acids | DNA & RNA |
| difference between deoxyribose and ribose | deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on the second carbon in the ring |
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| What makes up a nucleotide | pentose sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate group |
| What elements are in lipids | carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| What are the "family groups" of lipids | fats phopholipids and steroids |
| lipids do not form | polymers |
| What makes up fats | glycerol + fatty acid (long hydrocarbon chain) |
| what do fats store | energy |
| what are other functions of fats | cushion organs, insulate body |
| What are saturated fats | no double carbon bonds, straight, solid at room tempurature |
| What are unsaturated fats | double bonds, kinks, liquid at room temperature |
| What are pohpholipids | glycerol and 2 fatty acids |
| How are phospholipids assembled when they are by water | hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O and hydrophilic tails "hide" from H2O |
| What is the structure of steroids? | 4 fused C rings |
| How are different steroids crated? | by attaching different functional groups to rings |
| How is cholesterol important | important cell component: animal cell membranes, precursor of all other steroids |
| What are some important sex hormones? | estradiol, and testosterone |
| How much energy transfers from one trophic level to the next? | 10% |
| Life is built on what? | chemical reactions; transforming energy from one form to another |
| What is metabolism | chemical reactions of life |
| What some examples of metabolic pathways | dehydrations synthesis and hydrolysis |
| catabolic reactions | braking down |
| anabolic reactions | building |
| exeronic reactions | release energy/ catabolic |
| endergonic reactions | require input of energy/ anabolic |
| What is coupling | exergonic reactions with endergonic reactions give required energy to organisms |
| Why don't downhill reactions happen spontaneously | because covalent bonds are stable bonds |
| What is activation energy | energy required for the reaction |
| What helps reduce activation energy | catalysts |
| Why are catalysts important | activation energy required would kill us without them |
| What are enzymes | biological catalysts required for most biological reactions |
| What is a substrate | reactant that binds to enzyme |
| what is a product | end result |
| What is the active site | where te subtrate goes |
| What tare the properties of enzymes | reactions specific (each enzyme works with a specific substrate), not consumed in reaction, affected by cellular conditions |
| What is induced fit | substrate binding causes enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit; conformation fit |
| What factors affect enzyme function | enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, activators, and inhibitors |
| What does it mean that the reaction rate levels off (enzyme concentration) | substrate becomes limiliting factor, not all enzyme molecules can find substrate |
| What does it mean that the reaction rate levels off (substrate concentration) | all enzymes have active site engage; enzyme is saturated; maximum rate of reaction |
| What is optimum | different enzymes function in different organisms in different environments |
| What are cofactors | non-protein small inorganic compounds that bind within enzyme molcule |
| what are coenzymes | non-protein organic molecules, bind temporarily or permanently to enzyme near active site |
| What compounds regulat enzymes | competitive inhibitor, noncompetitive inhibitor, reversible inhibitor, feedbakck inhibition |
| What is a competitive inhibitor | inhibitor and substrate compete for active site |
| how is a competitive inhibitor overcome | increasing concentration |
| noncompeitive inhibitor | inhibitor binds to site other than active site; causes enzyme to change shape |
| irreversible inhibition | competitor permantently binds to active site; |
| What is allosteric regulation | conformational changes by regulatory molecules; |
| inhibitors | keeps enzyme in inactive form |
| activators | keeps enzyme in active form |
| what are metabolic pathways | cahin of reactions |
| what do metabolic pathways link | endergonic and exergonic reactions |
| what is feedback inhibition | regulation and coordination of production |
| What is cooperativity | substrate acts as an activator; substrate causes conformational change in enzyme; favors binding of substrate at 2nd sit; makes enzyme more active and effective. |
Created by:
3j0mk1
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