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SLS Bio12 Biomolecul
SLS Bio12 Biomolecules (C.Chan)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acid | a substance that can react with a base to make a salt. |
| adenosine triphosphate | a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions |
| amino acid | an organic compound, and it serves as a building block for proteins. |
| base | a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids |
| buffer | an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH |
| carbohydrate | a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is a major source of energy for animals |
| complementary base pairing | describes the manner in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other |
| dehydration synthesis | The monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information |
| dipeptide | one molecule, which consists of 2 amino acids that are joined by a single peptide bond |
| disaccharide | A disaccharide is a sugar composed of two monosaccharides. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. |
| double helix | the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA |
| hemoglobin | the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs |
| hydrogen bonding | electrostatic attraction between polar molecules that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative atom |
| hydrolysis | a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water |
| lipid | molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells e.g. fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins, hormones |
| monomer | a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer |
| monosaccharide | one sugar, the simplest form of carbohydrates |
| neutral fat | uncharged fat produced by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol like glycerol |
| nucleic acids | organic molecules that allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next. |
| nucleotide | organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA |
| organic | of, relating to, or denoting compounds containing carbon |
| peptide bond | a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules. |
| pH | a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution, concentration of H+ |
| phospholipid | a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes, structure generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" |
| polarity | how equally bonding electrons are shared between atoms |
| polymer | a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits |
| polypeptide | chains of amino acids |
| polysaccharide | polymeric carbohydrate molecule composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together |
| primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids and the location of any disulfide (-S-S-) bridges |
| protein | large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. |
| quaternary structure | the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex |
| r-group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule |
| ribonucleic acid | a polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes |
| saturated fatty acid | no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. |
| secondary structure | alpha-helix |
| solvent | a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution |
| starch | a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds, produced by plants |
| steroid | A group of molecules that includes cholesterol |
| tertiary structure | protein's geometric shape, a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains |
| unsaturated fatty acid | there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain |
| nitrogen base | a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base |
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