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LS LSAF Chapter 2
Cells
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Cell Membrane | Outer covering for cells. It is semi-permeable. It allows some things through but not others. |
Cytoplasm | Clear, gelatin-like substance inside of cells in which all life processes take place. The nutrient carrying material inside cells. |
Prokaryote | A division of creatures whose cells have no internal membrane-bound organelles. Commonly called "bacteria". They have no nucleus. They have specialized cell walls made of murein (Peptidoglycan). |
Eukaryote | A division of creatures whose cells havemembrane-bound organelles. |
Cell Wall | Tough, rigid, outer coverings that protect the cell and give it shape. |
Lignin | Chemical in plant cell walls that makes them rigid. |
Pectin | Chemical in plant cell walls that binds cells to their neighbors. Especially prevalent in fruit. Used to make jelly. |
Organelle | A unit of protoplasm responsible for specific functions within the cell. A "little organ". |
Nucleus | Control center of the cell. Contains genetic material for the cell (DNA). |
Cell | Smallest unit of living protoplasm. |
Tissue | A group of cells working together to perform a function that an individual cell could not perform on its own. |
Organ | A group of tissues working together to perform a function that an individual tissue could not perform on its own. |
System (Organ System) | A group of organs working together to perform a function that an individual organ could not perform on its own. |
Organism | A group of systems working together to perform a function that an individual system could not perform on its own. |
Zacharias Jansen | 1595 Dutch man who invented the microscope. |
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | 1670's Used the microscope to look at mold, pollen, and lice. Called creatures in pond water "Wee Beasties". |
Cell Theory | Cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms. All organisms are made of cells. Living cells come from other living cells. |
Virus | A strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coat. |
Host Cell | Cell in which a virus reproduces. |
Edward Jenner | 1796 Created the first vaccine. |
Robert Hooke | 1665 Created the term "cells" to describe individual units of cork. Published "Micrographia" which contained many hand-drawings of microscopic observations. |
Matthias Schleiden | 1830 Observed plant cells under a microscope. Concluded that all plants are made of cells. |
Theodor Schwann | 1837 Concluded that all animals are made of cells. |
Rudolph Virchow | 1855 Concluded that all cells originate from pre-existing cells. |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid. The genetic information of a cell. |
Ribosome | Organelle that makes proteins in a cell. |
Mitochondrion | Organelle that makes energy (ATP) from food (glucose). |
Golgi Apparatus / Body | Organelle that packages chemical substances for transport inside or outside the cell. Fold proteins into special shapes to make them useful for cells. |
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Organelle responsible for transporting chemicals in the cell. Also, responsible for making lipids (fats). |
Protoplasm | Cytoplasm plus all organelles inside of a cell. |
Lysosome | Organelle responsible for digestion inside a cell. Destroys invading particles and/or damaged or disfunctional organelles. |
Vacuole | Organelle responsible for storage storage inside a cell. |
Archaea | A division of creatures similar in appearance to prokaryotes, but unique in many ways. Many live in extreme environments. |
Chloroplast | Organelle in which photosynthesis takes place. |
Homeostasis | The ability to control proper conditions inside no matter what is happening outside an organism |
Peroxisome | Membranous sac of oxidase enzymes. Detoxifies chemicals within the cell. |
Centriole | Involved in forming spindle during mitosis as well as precursors for flagella and cilia. |
Nuclear Envelope | Plasma membrane surrounding nucleus. Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus. |