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B1 Glossary AW
Glossary of key words for B1- Understanding Organisms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accommodation | the eyes ability to change focus. |
| Acetylcholin | In the brain: a neurotransmitter chemical that diffuses across synapse. |
| Active immunity | You have immunity if your immune system recognises as pathogen and fights it. |
| Allele | Inherited characteristics are carried as pairs of alleles on pairs of chromosomes. Different forms of a gene are different alleles. |
| Antibody | Protein normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralises, thus producing an immune response. |
| Antigen | Any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies- antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine blood group. |
| Antiviral drug | Therapeutic drug acting to kill viruses. |
| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
| Auxin | A type of plant hormone. |
| Axon | Part of a neurone that carries nerve impulse. |
| Binocular vision | Part of vision seen by both eyes. |
| Binomial system | The scientific way of naming an organism. |
| Blind trial | A drugs trial where volunteers do not know which treatment they are receiving. |
| Blood groups | Blood falls into one of four groups: A, B, AB or O. |
| Blood pressure | Force with which blood presses against the walls of vessels. |
| Blood suger level | Amount of glucose in the blood. |
| Body mass index (BMI) | Measure of someone’s weight in relation to their height. |
| Cell membrane | Layer around a cell which helps to control substances entering and leaving the cell. |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | Collectively the brain and spinal cord. |
| Cholesterol | A fatty substance which can block blood vessels. |
| Contagious | A disease that spreads directly from person to person. |
| Dehydration | The result of body losing too much water. |
| Denatured | An enzyme is denatured if its shape changes so that the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
| Depressant | A drug that slows down the working of the brain. |
| Diastolic pressure | The lowest point that your blood pressure reaches as the heart relaxes between beats/ |
| Diet | What a person eats. |
| Dominant allele/ characteristic | An allele that will produce the characteristic if present. |
| EAR (for protein) | Estimated average daily requirement of protein in diet. |
| Egestion | The way an animal gets rid of undigested food waste called faeces. |
| Essential elements | The three elements, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium that are essential for the growth of plants. |
| Excretion | The process of getting rid of waste from the body. |
| First class protein | Proteins from meat and fish which contain all essential amino acids. |
| Food | Part of our diet that provides energy. |
| Gametes | The male and female sex cells ( sperm and eggs). |
| Gene | Section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| Geotropism | A plant’s growth response to gravity. |
| Germinate | The growth of a seed into a plant. |
| Gibberellic acid | A plant hormone that speeds up germination. |
| Haemoglobin | Chemical found in red blood cells which carries oxygen. |
| Hallucinogen | A drug, like LSD, that gives the user hallucinations. |
| Heat stroke | Result of the body being too hot; skin is cold, pulse is weak. |
| Heterozygous | A person who has two different alleles for an inherited characteristic, e.g. someone with blond hair may also carry an allele for red hair. |
| Homozygous | A person who has two alleles that are the same for an inherited feature, e.g. a blue eyed person will have two blue alleles for eye colour. |
| Hormones | Chemicals that act on target organs in the body ( hormones are made by the body in special glands). |
| Hypothalamus | A small gland in the brain, detects temperature of blood. |
| Hypothermia | A condition caused by the body getting too cold, which can lead to death if untreated. |
| Kwashiorkor | An illness caused by protein deficiency due to lack of food. Sufferers often have swollen bellies caused by retention of fluid in the abdomen. |
| Melanin | The group of naturally occurring dark pigments, especially the pigment found in skin, hair fur and feathers. |
| Microorganism | Very small organism (living thing) which can only be viewed through a microscope- also known as a microbe. |
| Microbe | Very small organism (living thing) which can only be viewed through a microscope- also known as a microorganism. |
| Monocular vision | Part of vision only seen by one eye. |
| Monmohybrid cross | A cross between two organisms that differ by a single characteristic. Used to follow the inheritance of a single pair of genes. |
| Motor neurone | Nerve cells carrying information from the central nervous system to muscles. |
| Mutation | Where DNA within cells have been altered (this happens in cancer). |
| Obesity | A medical condition where the amount of body fat is so great that it harms health. |
| Painkiller | A drug that stops nerve impulses so pain is not felt. |
| Parasite | Organism which lives on (or inside) the body of another organism. |
| Pathogen | Harmful organism which invades the body and causes disease. |
| Performance enhancer | A drug used to improve performance in a sporting event. |
| Peripheral nervous system | Network of nerves leading to and from the brain and spinal cord. |
| Phenotype | The characteristic that is shown/ expressed. |
| Placebo | A dummy pill. |
| Plant hormones | Hormones that control various plant processes such as growth and germination. |
| Plaque | A build up of cholesterol in a blood vessel (which may block it) |
| Radiotherapy | Using ionising radiation to kill cancer in the body. |
| Recessive Allele/ Characteristic | Two recessive alleles needed to produce a characteristic. |
| Reflex | A muscular action that we take without thinking about. |
| Second class proteins | Proteins from plants which only contain some essential amino acids. |
| Sensory neurone | Nerve cell carrying information from receptors to central nervous system. |
| Sex chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes that determine gender, XX in female, XY in male. |
| Stimulant | A drug that speeds up the working of the brain. |
| Stroke | Sudden change in blood flow to the brain- can be fatal. |
| Synapse | Gap between two neurons. |
| Systolic pressure | The highest point that your blood pressure reaches as the heart beats to pump blood through your body. |
| Thrombosis | Blood clot in a blood vessel causing it to be blocked. |
| Toxin | Poisonous substance (pathogens make toxins which cause us to feel ill). |
| Units of alcohol | Measurement of alcoholic content of a drink. |
| Vasoconstriction | In cold conditions the diameter of small blood vessels near the surface of the body decreases- this reduces the flow of blood. |
| Vasodilation | In hot conditions the diameter of small blood vessels near the surface of the body increases- this increases the flow of blood. |
| Vector | An animal which carries a pathogen without suffering from it. |
| Withdrawal symptoms | Reactions when a person stops taking a drug. |
| Alcohol | Substance made by the fermentation of yeast. |
| Ethene | A plant hormone that speeds up fruit ripening. |
Created by:
Brimsham
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