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HSO109 pt 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are sensory receptors? | They are specialised cells or cell processes that detect changes inside or outside the body |
| What are general senses | - They provide information about the body and its environment - They include: temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception |
| What are example of special senses? | - Smell - Taste - Sight - Equilibrium (balance) - Hearing |
| What do sensory receptors do? | - They detect a stimulus and transduce it into an action potential which is sent to the CNS - Frequency of arriving action potentials in CNS brings information about strength, duration and variation of stimulus - Some info reaches our awareness |
| Define transduce: | Converts energy into another form |
| What are some characteristics of sensory receptors? | Specificity (type of stimulus): - Free nerve endings (non specific eg. chemical, pressure, temp, trauma) - The eyes visual receptors (v specific, light only) Receptive field: (location of stimulus) |
| What are tonic receptors? | - They're always active - Change in rate when a change in stimulus occurs - Slow-adapting receptors (pain) |
| What are phasic receptors? | - Normally inactive - Become active when a change in stimulus occurs - Fast-adapting receptors (temp) |
| What are pain receptors? | - Tonic receptors - Found in the skin, joints, bones and blood vessels - Free nerve endings - Have large receptive fields - 3 main types: temp, mechanical & chemical - All 3 activated by strong stimuli - Myelinated axons - fast pain |
| What are pain receptors? (cont.) | - Unmyelinated axons - slow pain, burning, aching sensations |
| What are temperature receptors? | - Phasic receptors - Found in the skin, skeletal muscles, the liver - Travel along same pathway as pain sensations |
| What are mechanoreceptors? (touch, pressure, twist, stretch) | - Cell membranes contain mechanically regulated ion channels - 3 main types: tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors |
| What are tactile receptors? | - Detect info about texture, shape and pulsation - Fine touch = small receptive fields - Crude tough = large receptive fields - Can be simple or complex |
| What are the 6 types of tactile receptors? | - Free nerve endings: skin - Root hair plexus: movement across body - Tactile discs: skin - Tactile corpuscles: eyelids, fingertips - Lamellated corpuscles: fingers, mammary glands - Ruffini corpuscles: deep in skin |
| What are baroreceptors? | - Monitor change in pressure - Found in the blood vessels, respiratory system - Type of stretch receptor - Phasic: respond rapidly to changes and then adapt |
| What are proprioceptors? | - Monitor position of joints, muscle contraction - 3 types: muscle spindles (muscle length and stretch reflex), golgi tendon organs (tendon tension), joint capsule (pressure and tension in joint) |
| What are chemoreceptors? | - Detect changes in chemical concentration - Phasic - Brain, carotid arteries, aorta - Monitor pH, CO2 and O2 levels |
| What does the posterior column pathway involve? | - Fine touch - Vibration - Ventral pressure - Proprioception |
| What does the spinothalamic pathway involve? | - Pain - Temperature |
| What does the spinocerebellar pathway involve? | - Proprioception |
| What is the somatic nervous system? | - An efferent division of the nervous system - Output of SNS is under voluntary control - Controls skeletal muscle contraction - Involves motor pathways - Several centers in cerebrum, diencephalon and brain stem issue somatic motor commands |
| What are upper motor neurons? | - The cell body lies in a CNS process center - Synapses on the lower motor neuron - Activity in upper motor neuron may facilitate or inhibit lower motor neuron |
| What are lower motor neurons? | - Triggers a contraction in innervated muscle - destruction or damage to a lower motor neuron eliminates voluntary and reflex control over innervated motor unit |
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