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Mary James Bio Final
This is the final information for LCCC's Mary James Bio class
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 factors of Energy Requirements | Size, Activity Level and Location/Environment |
| Metabolic Rate | Sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval |
| How to measure Metabolic Rate | Measure how much O2 is consumed |
| 4 functions of digestive system | Ingest, Digest, Absorb, and Eliminate |
| 3 dietary categories of animals | Herbivore, Carnivore, and Omnivore |
| Herbivore | mainly eats plants or algae |
| Carnivore | mainly eats other animals |
| Omnivore | eats both plants and other animals |
| Diet's 3 nutritional needs | Chemical energy, taking in building blocks, take in essential nutrients |
| Chemical energy | used to make ATP by sugar, fats, proteins, and carbs |
| Building blocks | used to make macromolecules (have to take in Carbon, Nitrogen, Water, and Phosphorus |
| Essential Nutrients | can't make them so must be premade |
| 4 Essential Nutrients | Essential Amino Acids, Essential Lipids/ Fatty Acids, Inorganic Minerals, Organic Vitamins (need small amounts, fat soluble and water soluble |
| Inorganic Minerals | Zinc, Sodium, Pottasium, Calcium, and Iron |
| Fat Soluble Organic Vitamins | Vitamins A, D, E, and K |
| Water Soluble Organic Vitamins | Vitamin C, and Vitamin B-complex |
| Malnutrition | Lacking of one or more essential nutrients |
| Undernutrition | not enough essential nutients to make ATP |
| Ingest | to take in food |
| Digest | Breakdown |
| Carbohydrates Breakdown | to Monosaccharides |
| Lipid Breakdown | to Fatty Acids |
| Nucleic Acid Breakdown | to Nucleotides |
| Protein Breakdown | to Amino Acids |
| Mechanical Digestion | breaking food into smaller pieces Ex. chewing or churning |
| Chemical Digestion | break down enzymatically-hydrolysis |
| Absorb | pass from digestive system to rest of body |
| Eliminate | get rid of excess |
| Animal Digestion (Simplest to most Complex) | Intracellular digestion, Gastrovascular Cavity, Complete Digestive System |
| Intracellular Digestion | each cell takes food in through phagocytosis then fuses with lysosomes, and spit out waste Ex.Sponges/Porifera |
| Gastrovascular Cavity | a sac with a single opening that takes in, secretes enzymes and digest in cavity, distributed through body by diffusion and spit back out |
| Complete Digestive System | mouth and anus/ elementary canal |
| Types of Feeding | Suspension feeders, Substrate feeders, Fluid feeders, Bulk feeders |
| Suspension Feeders | sifting small particles out of water |
| Substrate Feeders | lives on food source, feeds right beneath |
| Fluid Feeders | sucking liquid from a living organism |
| Bulk Feeders | eat larger pieces of food |
| Elementary Canal | one long tubular structure that goes from mouth to anus |
| Elementary Canal System | Mouth-->Pharynx(throat)-->Esophagus-->Stomach-->Small Intestine-->Large Intestine-->Rectum-->Anus |
| Accessory Structures | Dentition(teeth), Tongue, Salivary Glands, Pancreas, Liver/Gallbladder |
| Salivary Glands | Parotid Gland-behind ear, Submandibular Gland-by jaw, Sublingual Gland-under tongue, all secrete saliva |
| Pancreas | secretes pancreatic juice |
| Liver/Gallbladder | secretes Bile |
| Peristalsis | type of muscular movement that propels the food with rhythmic contracting |
| Sphinctors | smooth muscles, muscular valves |
| Sphinctor Locations | In esophagus above stomach, between stomach and small intestine, between small and large intestine |
| Mouth (Oral Cavity) | teeth are indicative of diet |
| Types of teeth | Incisors(for biting, in front), canines(for tearing, pointed, cuspids), premolar(for grinding, bicuspids), molars |
| Mouth (Mechanical) | chewing |
| Mouth (Chemical) | from saliva (H2O, mucus, enzymes-salivory anaylase), only little absorbtion, then swallow |
| Act of swallowing | passage of food from mouth to pharynx |
| Bolus | chunk of solid food going through pharynx |
| Esophagus | connect pharynx to stomach, move food by peristalis |
| Cardiac Sphinctor | located between esophagus and stomach |
| Stomach | food stays in anywhere from 2-6 hours, below diaphragm, very elastic and stretchy |
| Stomach (Mechanical) | not much but Gastric churning- squeezing and mashing food |
| Stomach (Chemical) | have gastric glands, and secrete HCl acid, pH of stomach always acidic, can go down to 1 or 2 with high protein meal |
| Gastric Glands | located inside walls of stomach, secrete gastric juice ( that contains H2O, mucus, and enzyme Pepsin |
| Pepsin | digests protein, type of protease, and is a proteolytic enzyme |
| Stomach (Absorbtion) | Absorbs any small molecules like H2O, vitamins, sugar, or alcohol |
| Chyme | finished product in stomach- chunky, acidic soup |
| Small Intestine | major compartment of digestion, long tubular structure, 18-21 feet in humans, divided into 3 parts |
| Small Intestine Location | top is connected to stomach with loric sphinctor in between, Illeocecal sphinctor to large intestine also |
| Small Intestine Parts | Duodenum-connected to stomach, Jeyunum and Ileum at bottom |
| Small Intestine (Mechanical) | Very slight-squeezing and pushing |
| Small Intestine (Chemical) | most occurs in duodenum |
| First place to get enzymes from in Duodenum | Intestinal juice, duodenal lining, duodenal glands- contain H2O, mucus, and Carbohydrate enzymes- disaccharides and dipeptidases |
| Second place to get enzymes from in Duodenum | Pancreatic juice from Pancreas-secreted into duodenum, alkaline secretion, H2O neutralizing acid |
| Pancreas | contains Pancreatic amylase, (trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase-protein splitting enzymes), and Pancreaticlipase |
| Third Place/ Bile | not an enzyme, necessary to properly digests fat |
| Emulsifier | gets fat to mix with water |
| Jeyunum and Ileum | absorb the nutrients by moving slowly through/ Villi and Microvilli give more surface area to absorb |
| Large Intestine | 5-6 feet but large in diameter |
| Large Intestine parts | Cecum-->Colon-->Rectum-->Anal Canal-->Anus |
| Appendix | pouch that sticks off cecum, known for coliform bacteria like E. Coli |
| Large Intestine Description | highly mucusy and lots of bacteria, does 3 things- reabsorbs large amounts of water-80-90% |
| Large Intestine Description Cont. | package the waste and mixes with mucus/bacteria ferments carbohydrates, bacteria make vitamins for you like B-12 or vitamin K |
| Evolutionary Relationship with Digestive Tract | Vertebartes have a common plan, Diet has major influence, dentition is structurally different by diet, carnivores have large expandable stomach and long time between meals, length of digestive tract plays a part-Herbivores=longest, Carnivore=shortest |
| Circulatory and Reproductive System | Both exchange O2(for cell respiration) and CO2(waste product) |
| Unicellular organisms | exchange gases directly with their environment |
| Multicellular organisms | the deeper cells don't make contact with their environment |
| Cnidarians | simplest group of multicellular animals, have gastrovascular cavity (simple sac) that contacts environment inside and out |
| Platyhelminthes | have branched gastrovascular cavity |
| Diffusion | movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration |
| Circulatory System Components | Circulatory Fluid(takes O2 to cells), Vessels(carries fluid to cells and back), Kind of pump(always cardiac muscle, heart) |
| Open Circulatory System | Fluid is called hemolymph-functions as interstitual fluid and circulatory fluid, direct contact with organs, heart pumps hemolymph through vessel but doesn't stay in vessels |
| Open Circulatory System End | usually use body movements to pull hemolymph back in, some larger organisms have accesory pump, ex. all arthropoda, clams, bivalves |
| Closed Circulatory System | work best in mammals and vertebrates, fluid-blood-never leaves vessels, have arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| Artery | all carry blood away from heart (not always oxygenated) |
| Arterioles | arteries smaller in diameter |
| Veins | carry blood to heart (not always unoxygenated) |
| Venule | smaller vein |
| Capillaries | very thin walled, location of all gas exchange |
| Pump | Heart (can have more than 1) |
| Closed Circulatory System Animals | Cephalopods and Annelidia |
| Blood | contains hemoglobin(protein that contains Iron), Iron allows to bind oxygen |
| Red Blood Cells (RBC or Erythrocyte) | most numerous cells in blood, main function to carry O2 |
| White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) | fights infections |
| Platelets (thrombocytes) | very small, involved in blood clotting |
| Plasma | liquid part of blood (water mostly, is yellow, and carries nutrients) |
| Heart | vertebrate always have chambers, at least 2, at most 4, atrium and ventricle, 3=2 atrium, 1 ventricle, 4=2 of each |
| Single Circulation | 2 chambers, atrium top, ventricle on bottom, deoxygenated blood leaves heart and comes back |
| Single Circulation Animals | all bony fish, and sharks, rays, and chimeras |
| Single Circulation Pathway | Heart(atrium to ventricle-->Gills/Capillary Bed (oxygenated)-->Body cells/2nd capillary bed (deoxygenated)-->back to heart |
| Double Circulation | 3 or 4 chambered heart, 4 most effective |
| Double Circulation Animals | Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals |
| Double Circulation Pathway | deoxgenated blood to right atium-->right ventricle-->Respiratory Surface/Capillary Blood-->back to right of heart, etc. |
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