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SLSBio12 Nervous SM
SLS Bio 12 Nervous System SM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | activates muscles, and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, also has a role in attention and arousal |
| acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | stop excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse. |
| action potential | the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell. |
| adrenal medulla | makes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
| adrenalin | a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion. |
| all or none response | the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. |
| autonomic nervous system | the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. |
| axomembrane | is responsible for maintaining the axon's membrane potential. contains many ion channels to depolarize/hyperpolarize the axon. membrane of the axon |
| axon | extends from the cell body. conducts impulses away from the cell body |
| axoplasm | cytoplasm of axon. has a different composition of organelles and chemicals than cell body and dendrite cytoplasm |
| calcium ion | Calcium ions are important mediators of a great variety of cellular activities, including the passing of information between neurons and down a neuron. |
| cell body | the nucleus-containing central part of a neuron exclusive of its axons and dendrites that is the major structural element of the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord |
| central nervous system | controls the brain & spinal cord. has interneurons |
| cerebellum | the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity. |
| cerebrum | responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body |
| contractile protein | mediate sliding of the contraction of a cell's cytoskeleton, and of cardiac and skeletal muscle. |
| corpus callosum | a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain. |
| dendrite | a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body. |
| depolarization | axoplasm gains a positive charge compared to outside |
| effector | an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus. |
| excitatory neurotransmitter | the stimulate the brain to be depolarized |
| hypothalamus | coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, involved in sleep cycle and emotional response |
| impulse | the way nerves transmit info. |
| inhibitory neurotransmitter | calm the brain and help create balance, cause a repolarization |
| interneuron | conducts messages between sensory and motor neurons |
| medulla oblongata | the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs. |
| meninges | the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord. |
| motor neuron | conducts nerve impulses from the cns to a muscle fiber or gland |
| myelin sheath | insulates neuron. helps to speed iup impulse because of nodes of ranvier |
| myelinated nerve fibre | a nerve fiber encased in a sheath of myelin |
| neuroendocrine control centre | able to maintain homeostasis or internal balance in the body with the help of the autonomic nervous system. receives info from the blood |
| neuron | a cell with an excitable membrane for the transmission of electrical signals |
| neurotransmitters | bind with receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane during impulse travel across a synapse |
| node of Ranvier | periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses. |
| norepinephrine | excitory |
| parasympathetic division | inhibits or opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system, as in tending to stimulate digestive secretions, slow the heart, constrict the pupils, and dilate blood vessels. |
| peripheral nervous system | the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. |
| pituitary gland | the major endocrine gland. A pea-sized body attached to the base of the brain, the pituitary is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands. |
| polarity | Polarity in neurons is necessary for long range communication. Polarization is utilized in passing of electronic signals through neurons, which help to connect the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems |
| postsynaptic membrane | The part of the cell membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber with which an axon terminal forms a synapse. |
| potassium gate | __ open, in response k + floods through to outside |
| presynaptic membrane | The part of the cell membrane of an axon terminal that faces the cell membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synapse. |
| receptor | a sensory nerve ending that changes specific stimuli into nerve impulses |
| reflex arc | involuntary response to stimuli |
| refractory period | activity of Na/K pumps return ions to initial positions gates are closed, unable to conduct impulse |
| repolarization | restoring of initial polarity |
| resting potential | when the neuron is not conducting an impulse has high Na+ concentration outside, high K+ concentration inside. Negative inside |
| saltatory transmission | impulse jumps from node to node |
| Schwann cell | a cell that forms spiral layers around a myelinated nerve fiber between two nodes of Ranvier and forms the myelin sheath consisting of the inner spiral layers |
| sensory neuron | conducts neve impulses from a sense organ to the CNS: receptor to spine |
| sodium gate | __ in membrane open, Na+ rushes in |
| sodium-potassium pump | maintain Na+ and K+ distribution/polarity |
| somatic nervous system | the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle voluntary control of body movements |
| sympathetic division | inhibits or opposes the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, as in tending to reduce digestive secretions, speed up the heart, and contract blood vessels |
| synapse | a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. |
| synaptic cleft | gap between neurons |
| synaptic ending | often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells |
| synaptic vesicle | a small secretory vesicle that contains a neurotransmitter, is found inside an axon near the presynaptic membrane, and releases its contents into the synaptic cleft after fusing with the membrane. |
| thalamus | relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception, sorts data |
| threshold value | The maximum concentration of a chemical allowable for repeated exposure without producing adverse health effects. |
Created by:
Smorrison
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