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Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| types of selection | directional, stabilizing, disrupting, sexual |
| directional selection | phenotype moves towards one direction |
| stabilizing selection | the intermediate is favored, extremes die out |
| disrupting selection | the extremes are favored, intermediate dies out |
| sexual selection | sexual dimorphism |
| causes of population variation | mutations, sexual reproduction, diploidy, outbreeding, balanced polymorphism, geographic variation, heterozygote advantage, evolutionary neutral traits, frequency dependent selection |
| mutations | raw material for variation |
| sexual reproduction | new combos of alleles in offspring |
| diploidy | 2 copies of each chromosome (recessive alleles that are disadvantageous are hidden) |
| outbreeding | same species mates with individuals who are not closely related |
| balanced polymorphism | pressure of multiple phenotypes in a population |
| geographic variation | animals in different climates exhibit different phenotypes |
| heterozygote advantage | hybrid is selected for |
| evolutionary neutral traits | traits that appear to have no selective advantage stick around |
| frequency dependent selection | minority is at an advantage |
| speciation | formation of new species |
| species | group of organisms which can produce fertile offspring |
| types of speciation | allopatric, sympatric, adaptive radiation |
| allopatric | caused by geographic isolation |
| sympatric | temporal or behavioral isolation |
| types of sympatric speciation | balanced polymorphism, polyploidy, hybridization |
| polyploidy | more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes |
| hybridization | 2 closely related species mate |
| adaptive radiation | environment changes an ancestral species into many species |
| patterns of evolution | divergent, convergent, parallel, coevolution |
| divergent evolution | two species from a common ancestor drift apart over time |
| convergent evolution | 2 unrelated species share similar traits due to a similar enviroment |
| parallel evolution | 2 related species which follow the same evolutionary pattern after diverging from an ancestor |
| coevolution | once species evolves in response to another |
| macroevolution | large changes in groups of species over extended periods |
| types of macroevolution | phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium |
| phyletic gradualism | slow changes over time |
| punctuated equalibrium | rapid evolution due to mutation |
| causes of evolution | natural selection, mutations, non-random mating, gene flow, genetic drift |
| natural selection | shaped by the environment |
| mutations | can be as small as a point mutation |
| non-random mating | sexual selection |
| gene flow | movement of alleles into & out of the population |
| genetic drift | random increases or decreases in alleles due to SMALL POPULATION |
| Reproductive Isolation | prezygotic & postzygotic mechanisms |
| prezygotic mechanisms | temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, habitat isolation, mechanical isolation, genetic isolation, |
| postzygotic mechanisms | zygote malfuction, offspring sterility, hybrid breakdown |
| genetic equalibrium | when allelic frequency is stable generation to generation |
Created by:
evan787
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