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Bio II Exam Ch.20-24
Fungi, Animals, and Plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chytridiomycota example: | Parasite on frog skin |
| Zygomycota example: | Black bread mold |
| Glomeromycota example: | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
| Ascomycota example: | Morels & truffels |
| Basiodiomycota example: | Mushrooms & puffballs |
| Basic fungi characteristics: | Eukaryotic, heterotrophic by secreting enzymes, cell walls composed primarily of chitin, more closely related to animals than plants. |
| The storage carbohydrate of fungi is: | glycogen |
| Must fungi are multicellular, but _____ are unicellular: | yeasts |
| Only fungi have what type of cells? | dikaryotic; the cells have two genetically identical nuclei. |
| Microscopic, threadlike filaments that branch rapidly in a food source: | hyphae |
| A mass of aggregated hyphae is called: | mycelium |
| A mushroom is an example of a: | fruiting body |
| Spores are either asexually or sexually reproduced. Asexual spores are called: | conidia. Hyphae can produce conidia by mitosis. |
| Fungi classification is based on: | spore type |
| Chytridomycetes produce motile spores called: | zoospores; some are flagellated. |
| Zygomycetes are fast-growing and prolific. They produce: | zygospores |
| Glomeromycetes only live in association with: | plant roots |
| A fungi-plant root combination is called a: | mycorhizza |
| With mycorhizza, the fungus exchanges minerals and nutrients with the plant roots at structures called: | arbuscules |
| What happens during the mutualistic relationship between fungal hyphae and plants? | The fungal hyphae absorb water and nutrients from soil and give plants sugar |
| Ascomycetes are a large group of fungi containing various lifestyles which include: | symbiosis, decomposers, parasites, or mutalists. Some are even carnivorous. |
| Ascomycetes are ___ fungi. | sac |
| Basidiomycetes contain familiar fungi such as: | puffballs and mushrooms; they are club fungi. |
| What fungi live in plants but do not trigger disease symptoms? | Endophytes; all plants harbor endophytes. |
| _____________ form the most common types of mycorrhiza. | Glomeromycetes |
| _______ are fungi with green algae or cyanobacteria living among other hyphae. | Lichens |
| In animals, cells bind to the: | extracellular matrix |
| Many animal phyla originated during the: | Cambrian explosion |
| The first branching point animal taxonomy distinguishes a clade with _______ from a clade with ______. | true tissues; no true tissues |
| In parazoans (sponges), cells don't interact to provide specific functions; they do not have ___________. | true tissues |
| Bilaterally symmetrical animals have a head and a tail end. This body plan selects for ________. | Cephalization: sensory organs and a brain are on the head end. |
| Diploblastic means: | two germ layers |
| Triploblastic means: | three germ layers |
| In all phyla except sponges, the embryonic ball of cells called a blastula folds in on itself, forming a | gastrulas |
| The ectoderm develops into the: | skin and nervous system |
| The endoderm develops into the: | digestive tract |
| The mesoderm develops into the: | muscles and circulatory system |
| If the first indention of the gastrula develops into the mouth, the organism is a: | protostome |
| If the first indention of the gastrula develops into the anus, the organism is a: | deuterostome |
| A ________ symmetrical animal may have a coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom. | bilaterally |
| A body cavity surrounded on all sides by mesoderm is a: | coelom |
| An organism with no coelom at all is known as an: | acoelomate |
| A body cavity surrounded on one side my mesoderm and the other side by endoderm is called a: | pseudocoelom |
| What type of digestive tract do animals have if the mouth both takes in food and ejects waste? | incomplete |
| Animals with _________ development resemble adults in their juvenile stage. | direct |
| Indirect development involves what stage of life? | Larval |
| Phylum Porifera example: | sponges |
| Phylum Cnidaria examples: | jellyfish, hydra, coral, and sea anemones. |
| Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) ecamples: | fluke, tapeworms, and planarians. |
| Phylum Mollusca examples: | snails, scallops, and squids. |
| Phylum Annelida examples: | earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes; aka segmented worms. |
| Phylum Nematoda example: | roundworms. These are unsegmented worms that are tapered at both ends and who molt their cuticle. |
| Phylum Arthropoda examples: | trilobites, chelicerates, myriapods (millipedes & centipedes), crustaceans, and insects. |
| Crustaceans are a group of: | mandibulates (insects are also mandibulates). |
| Phylum Echinoderma examples: | sand dollars, sea stars, and sea urchins. |
| Phylum Chordata examples: | humans and many other examples; most are vertebrates. |
| Four characteristics of phylum chordata: | 1. Notochord: develops into a backbone in most cases. 2. Dorsal, hollow nervechord: develops into the spinal chord. 3. Pharyngeal pouches or slits. 4. Postanal tail. |
| What were the first chordates with vertebrae? | Lancelets |
| Ostechthyes means: | bony fish |
| Chondrichthyes means: | cartilage fish |
| Jaws, lungs, precursors, and a bony skeleton first appeared in: | fishes |
| What allows reptiles and mammals to breed in dry habitats? | the amnion |
| Amniotes include: | mammals, birds, and non-avian reptiles. |
| Ectotherm means: | cold-blooded |
| What is required for metabolism, growth, and reproduction in plants? | essential elements |
| Which macronutrients are the most abundant? | carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen |
| Soil is a complex mixture of: | rock particles, organic matter, air, and water. |
| What is the dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays called? | humus |
| Topsoil is also known as the: | A horizon |
| What does the B horizon consist of? | clay and soil; aka subsoil. |
| What does the C horizon consist of? | Mostly weathered rocks. |
| What is below the C horizon? | bedrock |
| Symbiotic relationships with what type of bacteria help plants obtain useful forms of nitrogen? | nitrogen-fixing |
| Some bacteria live in growths called ______ on roots. | nodules |
| Vascular tissue forms what system that connects plant roots? | The transportation system |
| The xylem pulls what up through the plant? | water and minerals |
| Xylem transport is explained by what theory? | The cohesion-tension theory. Because of cohesion, when water evaporates from the leaves in a process called transpiration, it pulls adjacent molecules closer to the stomata. |
| What is the Casparian strip? | A waxy barrier that ensures all incoming material passes through cells. |
| What does the phloem push through the plant? | Sugars |
| Roots and fruits, which don't carry out photosynthesis, are called: | sinks. |
| What does the pressure-flow theory explain? | Movement throughout the phloem. |
| Parasitic plants tap into the vascular tissue of a host plant. Name an example: | misletoe |
| Explain the pressure-flow theory of transport: | the pressure-flow theory suggests that phloem sap moves under positive pressure from "sources" to "sinks". |
| What exactly is a plant "source"? | any plant part that produces or releases sugars. |
| What exactly is a plant "sink"? | any plant part that does not photosynthesize. Sinks include flowers, fruits, roots, storage organs, and shoot apical meristems. |
| Flowers and seeds are produced by angiosperms that _______ reproduce, yielding genetically ______ offspring with traits derived from both parents. | sexually; unique |
| When is asexual reproduction advantageous? | When conditions in the environment are stable and plants are well adapted to their surroundings. |
| The angiosperms life cycle is called the: | Alternation of Generations |
| A flowering plant missing male reproductive parts will still have: | an embryo sac and egg cells. |
| What are the 2 results of double fertilization? | a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm nucleus. |
| What are cotyledons? | "Seed leaves" of the embryo where shoots and roots form. |
| What hormone stimulates fruit development, controls elongation of cells in a stem, and suppresses growth of lateral buds? | Auxins |
| What do Cytokinin hormones do? | Promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. |
| Auxins are primarily released from the ____ ____, and Cytokinins are primarily released from the ____. The counteracting effect of these hormones is called ______ ____________. | shoot tip; roots; apical dominance. |
| Which hormone stimulates shoot elongation? Used by farmers to stimulate stem elongation and fruit growth. | Gibberellins |
| Which hormone stimulates fruit ripening as well as shedding of leaves, flowers, and fruits? | Ethylene |
| ______ acid inhibits shoot growth, maintains seed dormancy, and stimulates closure of stomata and shedding of plant parts? | Abscisic |
| As auxin molecules migrate away from the light, they accumulate on the _____ side of the stem. | shaded |
| The photoreceptor in plants is called: | phytochrome |
| Phytochrome helps plants sense what? | day length |
| Directional growth in response to gravity is known as: | gravitropism |
| Statoliths sink to the bottom of cells and therefore might help plants detect: | gravity |
| The reaction of plants responding to touch is known as: | thigmotropism |
| During ________, metabolism changes from synthesis to breakdown. | senescence |
| Leaves at a high level of ethylene separate from the tree at what zone? | The abscission zone. |
| Whorl 1, also known as the Calyx, contains which flower parts? | Sepals |
| Whorl 2, also known as the Corolla, contains which flower parts? | Petals |
| Whorl 3, made of male reproductive parts, contains what? | The stamen, which is made up of the anther and the filament. |
| Whorl 4, made of female reproductive parts, contains what? | The carpel, which is made up of the stigma, style, ovule, and ovary. |
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