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Pharmacology
Chapter 5-8 Kailyn's Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the similarities between NSAID's, Salicylates, and Acetaminophen? | All three are analgesic and antipyretic |
| How do the Salicylates (Aspirin) differ from the NSAID's and Acetaminophen? | It contains Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Antiplatelet, and Uricosuric |
| How do the NSAID's differ from the Salicylates and Acetaminophen? | It contains Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory |
| How do the Acetaminophen's (Tylenol) differ from NSAID's and Salicylates? | It contains Analgesic and Antipyretic |
| What is the significance of Acetaminophen's compared to NSAID's and Salicylates concerning adverse reactions? | Acetaminophen is easiest on the stomach (less effects) |
| What adverse reaction are you able to experience when taking Salicylates? | Tinnitus |
| What is Reye Syndrome most common with? | Aspirin |
| Are NSAID's, Salicylates, or Acetaminophen's avoided during pregnancy? | NSAID's |
| What drug causes anticoagulation? | Salicylates |
| T/F Acetaminophen's are remarkably free of drug interactions. | True |
| What are Salicylates used for? | Mild to moderate pain, control fever, treat inflammation, prevent unwanted blood clotting, MONA |
| What are NSAID's used for? | Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, fever, dysmenorrhea, and pain. |
| What are Acetaminophen's used for? | Pain and fever |
| What GI Effects are common is Salicylates? | Dyspepsia (heartburn), nausea, vomiting, and gastric bleeding |
| Why are Dyspepsia (heartburn), nausea, vomiting, and gastric bleeding common adverse effects for Salicylates? | Salicylates are an acid. |
| What does the adverse effect of bleeding do for the Salicylates? | Interferes with clotting mechanisms by reducing platelet adhesiveness. |
| When giving Aspirin to children why is it a BIG no, no to not give it to them when they have the flu or chicken pox? | Reye Syndrome can occur. |
| When taking Salicylates why is it important to be aware of the hepatic and renal adverse effects? | Can produce hepatotoxicity |
| What drug can cause problems in pregnancy and nursing for example an increase of still birth, congenital abnormalities, neonatal death and decreased birth rate? | Salicylates |
| Who is more likely to have a hypersensitivity to Salicylates? | Asthmatics |
| What drug can interfere with normal protective mechanisms in the stomach? | NSAID's |
| What are some of the common GI adverse effects of the NSAID's? | Gastric irritation, pain, and bleeding |
| What drug intertwines with a dose-dependent side effects that include sedation, dizziness, confusion, mental depression, headache, vertigo, and convulsion? | NSAID's CNS Effects |
| The blood clotting adverse effect for NSAID's plays what role? | Inhibits platelet aggregation; which remains only as long as the drug is present in the blood. |
| Renal adverse effects for NSAID's include what? | Renal failure, cystitis, and increased incidence of UTI |
| What are some other adverse effects for NSAID's that aren't in a specific category? | Muscle weakness, ringing in ears (Tinnitus), hepatitis, hematologic problems, blurred vision. |
| Ulcerative stomatitis, gingival ulcerations, and dry mouth and part of what adverse effect of NSAID's that we should keep an eye on in our career? | Oral Adverse Effects |
| What are the symptoms of an NSAID hypersensitivity? | Hives or itching |
| Prolong gestation, delay of parturition, and production of dystocia are adverse effects on what condition of a female? | Pregnancy and nursing |
| What type of drug do we want to avoid in pregnancy and nursing mothers? A. NSAID's B. Salicylates C. Acetamenophen's | A. NSAID's |
| Who should avoid Acetaminophen? | Pt.'s with hepatic disease, alcoholics, or pt.'s that ingest three or more alcoholic beverages a day. |
| What are the symptoms of Gout? | extreme pain in the joints |
| T/F: Gout is inherited and occurs primarily in men. It is a disease traditionally of the wealthy. | True |
| T/F: NSAID's, Colchicine, Probenecid and Allopurinol are all available to prevent Gout! | False, Probenecid and Allopurinol are to prevent Gout; but Colchicine, Probenecid are used to treat acute attacks of gout. |
| What are the two components of pain? | Perception and Reaction |
| What component of pain is the physical part? | Perception |
| What component of pain is the psychological part? | Reaction |
| What increases the threshold of pain? | Sleep, sympathy, activities, and anaglesics |
| What decreases the threshold of pain? | Benzodiazapines (Valium), emotion, instability, anxiety, certain nationalities, fear and apprehension, fatigue, youth, women |
| What are common drugs that interact with Salicylates? | Warfarin and Probenecid |
| What is Warfarin and when used with Aspirin what interactions occur? | Oral anticoagulant highly protein bound to plasma protein binding sites; aspirin can displace the drug from its binding sites increasing its anticoagulant effect. |
| When Probenecid is used with Aspirin what interactions occur? | Interferes (blocks pathways) with the drugs uricosuric effect that can then cause an acute attack of Gout. |
| T/F: When NSAID's are intertwined with Lithium it may increase Lithium toxicity in pt.'s taking Lithium for bipolar affective disorders? | True, NSAID's can increase effect |
| When Digoxin and and NSAID's are used together what can happen? | It may increase the effect it has and is used for congestive heart failure. |
| What do NSAID's increase the effect of? A. antihypertensives B. diuretics C. ACE inhibitors D. Beta-blockers E. all of the above | E. all of the above |
| What form of drug is remarkably free from drug interactions but still can have an hepatotoxcicty effect if used with agents that induce the hepatic microsomal enzymes? | Acetaminophen's |
| What is a useful clinical approach with Acetaminophen's? | When an alternating therapy with NSAID's and Acetaminophen's are used. |
| Define Analgesia. | Raises the pain threshold |
| Define Cough Suppression. | Depresses the cough center in the medulla (antitussisve). |
| Define Myosis. | Pinpoint pupils |
| What are the actions of the Opioids? | 1. bind to receptors in the CNS, and Spinal cord 2. produce an altered perception of reaction to pain |
| Dolphins, Enkephalins, Endorphins, and Dynorphins are all natural opioid-like substances in the body except for which one? | Dolphins |
| Is it true that the body makes its own narcotics? | Yes |
| All include the common side effects of opioids except for which one(s)? A. Sedation B. Gardening C. Nausea D. Vomiting E. Heart Murmur F. Dizziness G. Headache | B. Gardening and E. Heart Murmur |
| What are the strong opioids that are common? | Morphine, Methadone (Dolophine), Meperidine (Demerol), Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) |
| What are the moderate opioids that are common? | Oxycodone ( in percodan, percocet, tylox, roxiprin, roxicet), Pentazocine (in talxin NX) |
| What are the mild opioids that are common? | Hydrocodone ( in vicodine, lotab, lorcet), Codeine (tylenol #3, empirin #3), dihydrocodeine (in synalgos-DC), Propoxyphene (in darvocet-N #100) |
| What drug that is used to treat opioid abuse blocks the effect of the narcotic? | Narcan-naloxone |
| What is used for the maintenance of the opioid free state in detoxified, formerly opioid-dependent pt.s? | Naltrexone (trexan) |
| Organisms initially responsible for a dental infection are primarily what type of bacteria? | Gram -positive cocci |
| T/F: After a short time, the gram -positive infections begins to include a variety of both gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic organisms is called a Mixed Infection. | True, Two bacteria types equals a mix. |
| T/F: Overtime the proportion of bacteria that are anaerobic increase until it consists of predominantly anaerobic flora. | True, anaerobic flora will predominate |
| What five antibiotics belong the the Penicillin family? | Amoxicillin, Penicillin G and V, Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (Augmentin), Extended-spectrum penicillin, Ampicillin (penicillnase-susceptible |
| What three drugs belong to the Marolide's family? | Eyrthromycin, Azithromycin (zithromx), Clarithromycin (Biaxin) |
| In what forms does Tetracycline's come in? | Gels (cheaper doing a whole arch) and a powder delivery (cheaper if doing a couple of teeth) |
| Cleocin is part of what antibitoic family? | Clindamycin |
| Metronidazole includes what antibiotic in its family that cannot be taken with alcohol? | Flagyl |
| What are the antibiotics that are part of the first generation of the Cephalosporins family? | Cephalexin (Keflex) and Cephradine (Velosef, Anspor) |
| What are the antibiotics that are part of the second generation of the Cephalosporins family? | Cefaclor (ceclor, raniclor) |
| What antibiotic causes a super-infection as a potential adverse effect? | Clindamycin because it is strong and will call the bad guys and the good guys |
| With what drug is a GI upset not common? | Azithromycin |
| What are some of the potential adverse effects that could come from antibiotics? | Allergic reaction, Drug interactions, GI complaints, Dose forms, Cost, Photo reactive, Cardiac arrhythmia, Pregnancy contraindications, Allergies, and cross reactions with other drugs. |
| What are some of the common medications people are allergic to? | Pen V K, Amoxicillin, Cephalexin, Augmentin, Ceclor |
| What drug has a cross reaction to Pen? | Cephalexin |
| What drugs have a common side effect of GI upset? | Tetracycline. Clindamycin, Augmentin, and Ceclor |
| What drug plays a role in caridac arrhythmia? | Azithromycin |
| What does Tetracycline do when the pt. is in the sun for a period of time? | SUNBURN! |
| What are some drug interactions? | Oral contraceptives, Oral anticoagulants, and Other antiinfectives |
| Define Anti-infective Agents | Substances that act against or destroy infections |
| Define Anti-bacterial Agents | Substance that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of bacteria |
| Define Antibiotic Agents | chemical substances produced by microorganisms that have the capacity, in dilute solutions, to destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of bacteria or prevent their action. |
| Define Anti-microbial Agents | Substances that destroy or suppress the growth of multiplication of microorganisms |
| Define Anti-fungal Agents | Substances that destroy or suppress the growth of multiplication of fungi |
| Define Anti-protozoal Agents | Attack amebae, giardia, etc |
| Define Anti-viral | Substances that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of viruses |
| Define Bactericidal | Ability to kill bacteria |
| Define Bacteriostatic | Ability to inhibit or retard the multiplication of growth of bacteria |
| Define Blood (Serum) Level | Concentration of anti-infective agent in the blood or serum |
| Define Resistance | the natural or acquired ability of an organism to be immune to or resist the effects of an anti-infective agent |
| Define Spectrum | Range of activity of a drug |
| Define Super-infection and Supra-infection | Infection caused by proliferation of microorganisms different from those causing the original infection |
| Define Synergism | Combination produces more than an additive effect |
| Define Antagonism | Occurs when a combination produces less effect than either agent alone |
| Define Infection | Invasion by pathogenic microorganism and reaction of tissue |
| What does not constitute and Invasion? | Presence of a pathogen |
| What is Candida Albicans "Thrush " also called? | Yeast Infection |
| What are forms of Tinea also known as? | Ring worm or Athletes Foot |
| What are some common Anti-fungal (OTHER) medications used? | Amphoericin B, Griseofluvin, Nystatin, Imidazoles, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole,Fluconazole, Miconazole, Itraconazole |
| What are the last five letters of the most common Anti-fungal medications? | AZOLE |
| What are some common Anti-viral (HERPES SIMPLEX) medications? | Acyclovir, Docosanol, Penciclovir, Famciclovir |
| What are the last six common letters of the most common Anti-viral (HERPES SIMPLEX) medications? | CLOVIR |
| What are some common Anti-viral (AIDS "cocktails-take all medications) medications? | Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase, Protease inhibitors, Combinations, Other anti-viral agents |
| What is common in (AIDS "cocktails-take all medications) medications names? | Some end in SIDE and ASE |
| Mucocutaneous candidal infections are managed with what medications? | Nystatin, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, or Fluconazole |
| What are common Imidazoles used in dentistry? | Clotrimazoles, Micronazole, Flucanazole, and Itraconazole |
| What medication is used for oropharyngeal candidiasis? | Clotrimazoles |
| What drug manages of mucocutaneous and thrush (dental)? | Ketoconazole |
| These are used for the treatment of candidiasis, what are they (medical)? | Hisoplasmosis, and Paracoccidioidomycosis |
| Fluconazole is for serious systemic fungal infections like what? | Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis |
| What is used for the first treatment for fungal nail infections? | Itraconazole also for blastomucosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis |
| Amphotericin B (amphoterrible) does what? | treats serious systemic fungal infections |
| What treats ring worm, but does not include candida organisms? | Griseofulvin |
| What is Nystatin used for? | Treatment and prevention of oral candidiasis or in susceptible cases |
| Nystatin treats what immunocompromised viral or fungal disease? | Thrush |
| What type of infections are more common in the immunocompromised? | Fungal and Viral |
| Define Analgesic | Pain relief |
| Define Opioid | Primarily in the CNS, narcotic, made from poppies |
| Define Somniferous | Tending to induce sleep |
| Define Anti-pyretic | Reduce fever |
| Define Anti-inflammatory | Reduce inflammation |
| Define Anti-peristaltic | Reduce digestive movements (contractions) |
| Define Narcotic | Opioid |
| Define Peripheral Analgesic | Pain relief to peripheral nervous system (non-opioid) |
| Define Central Analgesic | Pain relief to CNS (Opioid) |
| Define Salicylates | Aspirin |
| Define NSAID's | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen, Mortin and Advil) |
| Define Zero-Order Kinetics | When the half-life varies with the dose because a constant amount rather than a constant percentage is metabolized per hour |
| Define Anti-platelet | Doesn't coagulate (no blood clots) |
| Define Uricosuric | Increase secretion of uric acid |
| Define Gout | Inherited disease occuring primarily in men with onset that ususally involves one joint (ususally a big toe or knee), Excess uric acid, excessive production or reduced secretion due to diet; NSAIDs & Colchicine to treat this |
| Define Enteric Coating | Polymer barrier that is applied to oral medication |
| Define Buffer | Neutralizer |
| Define Cyclooxygenase (COX) | responsible for many adverse reactions of NSAID's, older NSAID's inhibits COX 1 and Aspirin inhibits COX 2 |
| Define Prostaglandin | COX blocks, reduction results in reduction of pain |
| Define Naxolone (Narcan) | Inhibits the function of drugs, opioid antagonist |
| Define Methadone | Used primarily to treat opioid addicts |
| Define Percocet | An intermediate, generic is oxycodone |
| Define Oxycodone | Analgesic, anti-peristaltic, anti-tussive, GI irritant |
| Define Hydrocodone | Analgesic (less), anti-peristaltic, anti-tussive GI irritant |
| Define Resistance | The natural or acquired ability of an organism to be immune to or resist the effects of an anti-infective agent |
| Define Synergism | Additive effect |
| Define Antagonism | Blocks the effect of the agonist |
Created by:
daisenmurray
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