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Biology Chap. 10
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nucleotide | 3 parts: 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| deoxyribose | 5-carbon sugar in the DNA nucleotide |
| nitrogenous base | contains nitrogen and carbons atoms; accepts hydrogen ions |
| purine | nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (adenine and guanine) |
| pyrimidines | nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (cytosine and thymine) |
| base-pairing rules | states that cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G) and adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil (A-U) in RNA |
| complementary base pair | one double-ringed purine with one single--ringed pyrimidine. C-G, A-T, or A-U |
| base sequence | the order of nitrogenous bases on a chain of DNA |
| DNA replication | the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides |
| helicase | enzymes that move along the DNA molecule, breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous bases |
| replication fork | the Y-shaped region that results when the two strands of the DNA's double helix separate |
| DNA polymerase | enzymes that add complementary nucleotides, found floating freely inside the nucleus to each of the original strands |
| semi-conservative replication | in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new |
| mutation | mistakes in DNA replication; a change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and plays a role in protein synthesis |
| transcription | DNA acts as the template for the synthesis of RNA |
| translation | RNA directs the assembly of proteins |
| protein synthesis | forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA |
| ribose | a sugar found in RNA |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | part of the structure of ribosomes |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template |
| promoter | a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription |
| termination signal | a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene |
| genetic code | the term for the rules that relate how a sequence of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides corresponds to a particular amino acid |
| codon | three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or stop signal |
| anticodon | three nucleotides on the RNA that are complementary to the sequence of a codon |
| genome | the complete genetic content |
| bioinformatics | uses computers to compare different DNA sequences |
Created by:
emmykat113
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