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BIOL 241 Cytology
Cytology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells begin | as undifferentiated stem cells |
| Cell structure that defines the boundaries of the cell: | Plasma membrane |
| Cellular structure responsible for selective permeability | Plasma membrane |
| Approximately half of the plasma membrane is made up of | Proteins |
| Of the lipid content of the cell membrane, approximately what percent is phospholipids? | 75% |
| Roughly 20% of the lipid component of plasma membranes is | Cholesterol |
| What percentage of lipid component of plasma membranes is made up of glycolipids? | 5% |
| Which best describes the structure of phospholipids? | Phosphate "head" is hydrophilic, hydrocarbon "tails" are hydrophobic |
| Which part of the phospolipid can hydrogen bond with water? | Phosphate "head" |
| In the formation of lipid bilayers, how do the hydrocarbon tails orient themselves? | Inside bilayer, away from water |
| Which best describes the lipid bilayer? | Fluid, moving, flexible |
| Have hydrocarbon "tails," that embed within bilayer, and oligosaccharide "bushes" extending into extracellular face of cell: | Glycolipids |
| Form antigens, responsible for cell-to-cell communication: | Glycoproteins and glycolipids |
| Functions to stablize the plasma membrane: | Cholesterol, Anchor proteins |
| Span the lipid bilayer: | Integral proteins |
| Have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that correspond to analogous regions of lipid bilayer, allowing them to span lipid bilayer: | Integral proteins |
| Responsible for cell-to-cell recognition: | Glycolipids & Glycoproteins |
| Provide passage for ion to diffuse through hydrophobic part of lipid bilayer: | Channel proteins |
| Provide binding sites for ligands: | Receptor proteins |
| Either integral or peripheral; catalyze reactions of substrates into products: | Enzymes |
| Connect cells together | Junction proteins, Oligosaccharides of glycocalyx, Anchor proteins |
| The fusion of integral proteins between membranes resulting in a connection that generally does not allow materials to pass between cells: | Tight junctions |
| Protein plaques, anchored deep within cytoplasm, with extentions outside of cell that joint with the same kinds of extension from other cells; do allow materials to pass between cells: | Desmosomes |
| Provide channels between cells so that the cytoplasm of one cell can intermingle with cytoplasm of the next cell; do not allow materials to pass between cells | Gap junctions |
| A characteristic of passive transport: | Energy needed for particle movement across membrane, provided by kinetic energy |
| A system where there is a high concentration of a particular particle in one area and a lower concentration of the same particle in another area: | Concentration gradient |
| The phenomenon whereby particles move randomly frrom high concentration to low concentration: | Diffusion |
| The energy that drives diffusion: | Kinetic energy |
| The rate of passive transport increases with: | Increased temperature, Increased kinetic energy, Decreased particle size |
| The passage of materials from high to low concentration directly through the lipid bilayer, without help from an integral protein: | Simple diffusion |
| Directly requires ATP: | Primary active transport |
| Which cannot cross through the lipid bilayer: | Amino acids |
| Which can cross through the lipid bilayer: | Vitamin D |
| Osmosis is? | the diffusion of water across a membrane |
| Water concentration is cell same as in solution: | Isotonic solution |
| Water concentration in cell less than in the solution: | Hypotonic solution |
| Possible result: Cell lysis. | Cell in hypotonic solution |
| Possible result: Cell crenation | Cell in hypertonic solution |
| Water flows out of the cell in this environment: | Hypertonic solution |
| Water flows into cell in this environment | Hypotonic solution |
| Organ that works to keep blood osmolarity isotonic: | Kidney |
| Cannot pass through lipid bilater: | Sodium, Calcium, Bicarbonate |
| Passage through a membrane of a particle from high to low concentration, using integral proteins: | Facilitated diffusion |
| Allow passage of ions through a protein across membrane from high to low concentration: | Channel protein |
| In facilitated diffusion, what powers the shape change of a transport protein | Kinetic energy |
| Which molecule move across plasma membranes using facilitated diffusion involving transport proteins? | Amino acids, Glucose |
| Moves materials against concentration gradients across the plasma membrane using ATP to change the shape of the carrier protein: | Primary active transport |
| In the Sodium Potassium pump what powers the shape change of the transporter? | Phosphorlation |
| Regarding the Sodium Potassium pump mechanism, which is not true? | Sodium binding causes phosphate to be released. |
| Uses concentration gradient of a second substance, such as Sodium or Hydrogen to power the shape change of a transporter, pumping a target substance across the plasma membrane against its gradient: | Secondary active transport |
| A type of secondary active transport where both substances move in opposite directions: | Antiport |
| The general process wherby large amounts of materials are taken into vesicles into the cell: | Endocytosis |
| Small amounts of fluids brought into vesicles; no receptors involved: | Pinocytosis |
| Cells attach to pathogens or debris via receptors, bring particles into vesicles: | Phagocytosis |
| Process enabling cells of all kinds to bring in large amounts of specific molecule: | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Neutrophils can't do this; instead, they store indigestible materials in residual bodies, eventuall exploding into pus when full: | Exocytosis |
| The cytosol is the fluid component of the cell | True |
| Cells that require a lot of energy would have quite a few of these: | Mitochondria |
| Site of polypeptide synthesis: | Ribosomes |
| Makes all of the proteins needed by the cell: | Rough ER |
| Modifies and packages proteins received via vesicles: | Golgi apparatus |
| Site of cholesterol synthesis (liver) | Smooth ER |
| Makes phospholipids and membranes: | Rough ER |
| This substance enters mitochondria, giving it the energy to rephosphorylate ADP: | Pyruvate |
| May be affected by antibiotics that kill bactera: | Mitochondria |
| Site of steroid synthesis: | Smooth ER |
| Site of alcohol and drug detoxification: | Smooth ER |
| Contains enzymes that cleave off one glucose at a time from stored glucogen: | Smooth ER |
| Mostly closely associated with Tay-Sac's DZ? | Lysosomes |
| Not a component of the endomembrane system: | Microtubules |
| Like ropes of woven protein, function to stabilize organelle position: | Intermediate filaments |
| Strands of actin protein; function with myosin to cause cell movement: | Microfilaments |
| Serve as guides for the movement of organelles: | Microtubules |
| Vesicles containing oxidases and catalases: | Peroxisomes |
| Vesicles containing digestive enzymes; associated with apoptosis: | Lysosomes |
| Most closely associated with the detoxification of free radicals: | Peroxisomes |
| Organelle that fuses with food vesicles, releaing enzymes into vesicle, digesting its contents: | Lysosomes |
| Which is not associated with Tay-Sac's DZ? | Has a cure |
| Helps remodel the body during development by digesting old cells: | Lysosomes |
| Structure includes nine triplets of microtubules: | Cilia, flagella, centriole, basal bodies |
| Structure of 9 paired microtubules plus two in the middle: | Cilia & Flagella |
| Short and very numerous; move fluid across surface of stationary cells: | Cilia |
| Cells that absorb quite a bit tend to have these: | Microvilli |
| Function of nuclear pore complex proteins: | Regulate what enters/leaves the nucleus |
| Contains genes (DNA) necessary to code for polypeptides needed by the cell: | Nucleus |
| Chromatin is made of: | DNA + histone proteins |
| Assemble ribosome components: | Nucleolus |
Created by:
rpm824
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