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Food
Biomolecules and the Biochemistry of Food
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What trace elements does the body need? | Copper, Zinc and Iron |
| What minerals does the body need? | Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium and Chlorine |
| What are biomolecules? | Biomolecules are chemicals that are made inside a living thing eg: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and vitamins |
| What elements are carbohydrates made of? What are the 3 main forms of carbohydrate? | Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. |
| Explain the word monosaccharides | Monosaccharides provide us with short term energy. They are made up of one glucose molecule. Example include glucose and fructose. They taste sweet and dissolve in water. |
| Explain the word disaccharides | Disaccharides also provide us with energy. They are made up of 2 glucose molecules bonded together.Examples include sucrose made from glucose and fructose. Maltose and lactose are also disaccharides. |
| Polysaccharides | Polysaccharides are made up of many saccharide molecules boned together. They provide us with long term energy. There are 3 types of polysaccharides: Starch, Cellulose and Glycogen. |
| What is the difference between cellulose and glycogen? | Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plants. It makes up cell walls.It provides us with roughage and prevents constipation. Paper and Cotton are examples. Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animals. Stores carbohydrates in the liver and muscles. |
| What are lipids? | Lipids are made up of a molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Solid lipids are known as fats while liquid lipids are known as oils. |
| What are the functions of lipids | 1: They provide a vital energy store for the body. 2: They provide insulation from the cold. 3: They form the membranes around the cell. These are called phospholipids. |
| Comment on the composition of proteins | Proteins are made from C, H, O and N or S. They consist of a chain of amino acids liked by peptide bonds. Proteins are often called polypeptides. They have a folded 3D shape. They are responsible for the growth and repair of cells. |
| What is the function of proteins? | Proteins make up Enzymes which are biological catalysts that speed up or slow down a chemical reaction but are not used up in the reaction itself. Hormones control our metabolism and body functions. Transport across membranes is done by proteins. |
| Give 2 examples of structural proteins | Finger nails and hair are made from the protein keratin. |
| What are vitamins? | Vitamins are organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts for normal biochemical functioning. |
| What are the 2 categories of vitamins? | Fat soluble (A,D,E,K) and Water soluble (B,C) |
| What is the scientific name, source, function and deficiency disease of Vitamin A? | Retinol, carrots, healthy retina, night blindness. |
| What is the scientific name, source, function and deficiency disease of Vitamin C? | Ascorbic acids, citrus fruit, healthy connective tissue, scurvy |
| What is the scientific name, source, function and deficiency disease of Vitamin D? | Calciferol, dairy products, helps our body absorb calcium, ricketts |
| What are minerals? | Minerals are required by both plants and animals in small amounts for healthy cells and biomolecules like haemoglobin and chlorophyll. |
| What is the function of magnesium and calcium in plants? | Calcium is used to form the cement which sticks plant cells together. Magnesium is needed for the manufacture of chlorophyll. |
| Give 3 uses of water in the human body. | 1: It is an excellent solvents for salts and sugars. 2: It is an excellent transport medium. 3: It has a high heat capacity and helps regulate our body temperature. |
| What is the difference between an anabolic and a catabolic reaction? | An anabolic reaction is the sticking together of small molecules to create larger ones eg: Photosynthesis. A catabolic reaction is the breaking down of large molecules into smaller one eg: Respiration. CRAP: Catabolic Respiration Anabolic Photosynthesis |
| What is the test and colour change for starch? | Iodine. Colour change: red/brown to blue black |
| Test for reducing sugars? Colour change for a positive result? | Add some Benedicts solution of Fehlings I and II to the solution. Heat but do not boil the solution in a water bath. If reducing sugars are present the blue colour changes to a brick red precipitate. |
| Chemical test for protein? Colour change for a positive result? | Sodium Hydroxide and Copper Sulphate. A purple colour appears if protein is present. |
| What is the test and colour change for lipids? | Rub some of the food on some brown paper. If a translucent spot remains as it dries lipids are present. |
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cbsbiology
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