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Ch 2: Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | The change in the characteristics of a population over time |
| Chemical Evolution | The leading scientific explanation for the origin of life. |
| Atom | Basic unit of an element |
| Nucleus | the positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass. |
| Proton | The positively charged subatomic particle |
| Neutron | the electrically neutral subatomic particle |
| Electron | the negatively charged subatomic particle |
| Element | A substance containing a specific number of protons |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in an element |
| Isotope | Forms of an element with a different amount of neutrons |
| Mass Number | The sum of protons and neutrons in an element |
| Orbital | Specific regions of an atomic nuclei that electrons move around it |
| Electron Shell | levels in an orbital |
| Valence Electron | electrons found in the outermost shell of an atom |
| Chemical Bond | An attractive force binding two atoms together |
| Molecule | substances held together by covalent bonds |
| Covalent Bond | A strong attraction where two atoms share electron pairs |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | when two atoms are bound together with relatively equal electronegativity |
| Polar Covalent Bond | electrons are shared unequally between atoms differing in electronegativity |
| Electronegativity | a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. |
| Polarity | a molecule having a positive or negative charge |
| Ionic Bond | A bond that results in the complete transfer of electrons |
| Ion | An atom or molecule that carries a full charge |
| Cation | A positively charged Ion |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion |
| Single Bond | is a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving two bonding electrons |
| Double Bond | a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. |
| Triple Bond | a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two |
| Molecular Formula | Contains the number and types of atoms in an molecule |
| Molecular Weight | The weight of the entire molecule, includes all the atoms |
| Molarity | a common unit of solute concentration equal to the number of moles of a dissolve solute in 1 liter of solution |
| Solution | A homogeneous solution between two mixtures |
| Solvent | Agent for dissolving substances and getting them into a solution |
| Solute | A substance dissolved in another subtance |
| Hydrogen Bond | a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. |
| Hydrophilic | Water loving |
| Hydrophobic | water fearing |
| Cohesion | like molecules cling together due to attractive forces |
| Adhesion | unlike molecules cling together due to attractive forces |
| Surface Tension | cohesive force that causes molecules at the surface of a liquid to stick together |
| Specific Heat | the amount of energy to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree celisus |
| Hydrogen Ion | A single proton with a +1 charge. |
| Hydroxide Ion | an oxygen and hydrogen atom joined by a single covalent bond and has a negative charge |
| Acid | any compound that gives up protons or accepts electrons during a chemical reaction that releases hydrogen when dissolved in water |
| Base | any compound that acquires protons or gives up electrons during a chemical reaction or accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. |
| Acid-Base Reaction | |
| Acidity | |
| Alkalinity | |
| pH | |
| Homeostasis | |
| Chemical Reaction | |
| Reactant | |
| Product | |
| Chemical Equilibrium | |
| Concentration | |
| Endothermic | |
| Exothermic | |
| Energy | |
| Potential Energy | |
| Kinetic Energy | |
| Temperature | |
| Heat | |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | |
| Chemical Energy | |
| Mechanical Energy | |
| Spontaneous Chemical Reactions | |
| Nonspontaneous Chemical Reactions | |
| ΔH | |
| Entropy | |
| Enthalpy | |
| ΔS | |
| Second law of Thermodynamics | |
| Gibbs Free Energy | |
| Exergonic | |
| Endergonic | |
| Photons | |
| Organic Molecules | |
| Inorganic Molecules | |
| Functional Groups | |
| Amino Group | |
| Carboxyl Group | |
| Carboxylic Acid | |
| Hydroxyl Group | |
| Phosphate Group |
Created by:
Jpratt714
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