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Ch5 Plasma Membranes
Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| active transport | method of transporting material that requires energy |
| amphiphilic | molecule possessing a polar or charged area and a nonpolar or uncharged area capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments |
| antiporter | transporter that carries two ions or small molecules in different directions |
| aquaporin | channel protein that allows water through the membrane at a very high rate |
| carrier protein | membrane protein that moves a substance across the plasma membrane by changing its own shape |
| caveolin | protein that coats the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and participates in the process of liquid update by potocytosis |
| channel protein | membrane protein that allows a substance to pass through its hollow core across the plasma membrane |
| clathrin | protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for phagocytosis |
| concentration gradient | area of high concentration adjacent to an area of low concentration |
| diffusion | passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material according to its concentration gradient |
| electrochemical gradient | gradient produced by the combined forces of an electrical gradient and a chemical gradient |
| electrogenic pump | pump that creates a charge imbalance |
| endocytosis | type of active transport that moves substances, including fluids and particles, into a cell |
| exocytosis | process of passing bulk material out of a cell |
| facilitated transport | process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins |
| fluid mosaic model | describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids (sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids, respectively), resulting in a fluid character (fluidity) |
| glycolipid | combination of carbohydrates and lipids |
| glycoprotein | combination of carbohydrates and proteins |
| hydrophilic | molecule with the ability to bond with water; “water-loving” |
| hydrophobic | molecule that does not have the ability to bond with water; “water-hating” |
| hypertonic | situation in which extracellular fluid has a higher osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving out of the cell |
| hypotonic | situation in which extracellular fluid has a lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, resulting in water moving into the cell |
| integral protein | protein integrated into the membrane structure that interacts extensively with the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids and often spans the membrane; these proteins can be removed only by the disruption of the membrane by detergents |
| isotonic | situation in which the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water into or out of the cell |
| osmolarity | total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of solution |
| osmosis | transport of water through a semipermeable membrane according to the concentration gradient of water across the membrane that results from the presence of solute that cannot pass through the membrane |
| passive transport | method of transporting material through a membrane that does not require energy |
| peripheral protein | protein found at the surface of a plasma membrane either on its exterior or interior side; these proteins can be removed (washed off of the membrane) by a high-salt wash |
| pinocytosis | a variation of endocytosis that imports macromolecules that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid |
| plasmolysis | detaching of the cell membrane from the cell wall and constriction of the cell membrane when a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution |
| potocytosis | variation of pinocytosis that uses a different coating protein (caveolin) on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane |
| primary active transport | active transport that moves ions or small molecules across a membrane and may create a difference in charge across that membrane |
| pump | active transport mechanism that works against electrochemical gradients |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | variation of endocytosis that involves the use of specific binding proteins in the plasma membrane for specific molecules or particles, and clathrin-coated pits that become clathrin-coated vesicles |
| secondary active transport | movement of material that is due to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport |
| selectively permeable | characteristic of a membrane that allows some substances through but not others |
| solute | substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution |
| symporter | transporter that carries two different ions or small molecules, both in the same direction |
| tonicity | amount of solute in a solution |
| transport protein | membrane protein that facilitates passage of a substance across a membrane by binding it |
| transporter | specific carrier proteins or pumps that facilitate movement |
| uniporter | transporter that carries one specific ion or molecule |
Created by:
v_saldi
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