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Biology
Study for Biology exam!
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hypothesis | Educated prediction about the outcome of a scientific experiment; an 'If...,then..." |
| Carbon Cycle | The process by which carbon in the atmosphere goes into living things and is eventually returned to the atmosphere. It can be disrupted by clear-cutting forests, burning fossil fuels, etc. |
| Fossil Fuels | Things like oil, coal, and natural gas. Such fuels are created by a dead creature being buried and undergoing one of three transformations into a fuel. |
| Nitrogen Cycle | Process by which nitrogen gas in the atmosphere goes into living things and is eventually returned to the atmosphere. It can be disrupted by overuse of fertilizer. |
| Ecological Succession | One community following another (ex. new trees growing after a forest fire) |
| First species to arrive in an area | Lichens attaching to the bare rock and slowly breaking it apart for plant roots |
| Climax Community | End result of succession |
| Herbivore | Trophic level 1, only eats producers |
| Carnivore | Trophic levels 2-3, eats herbivores & other carnivores |
| Omnivore | Eats both plants and animals |
| Decomposer | Eats dead things |
| Mutualism | A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit. |
| Parasitism | A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed. |
| Commensalism | A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. |
| Competition | Two or more organisms competing for resources |
| Predation | One organism killing and eating the other. |
| Energy's movement | Nonstop flow |
| Matter's movement | Cycling |
| Food web | Several food chains linked together showing more in-depth views of the roles of each organism |
| Food chain | A basic diagram of organisms and their roles in the environment (A eats B eats C eats D) |
| Energy pyramid | A diagram displaying the amount of energy available to each trophic level. Each level has 10% less energy available to it than the level below it |
| pH scale | 0-6: Acid 7: Neutral 8-14: Base |
| Organic molecules | molecules related to the creation or processes of organisms |
| Monomer | A single repeating part of a bigger molecule |
| Carbohydrate | An organic molecule consisting of several monosaccharides, used to store short-term energy |
| Protein | An organic molecule consisting of several amino acids, used to provide structure |
| Nucleic Acids | An organic molecule composed of several nucleotides, used to store genetic information |
| Genetic Information | Information on how to make proteins |
| Lipids | An organic molecule composed of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol, used to store long-term energy |
| Four Functions of Water | Cohesion(Water sticks to itself), Adhesion(Water sticks to other stuff), Density( Ice less dense than water), Solvent (Water dissolves stuff) |
| Flagella | Long tail-like structure on a cell used for movement |
| Cilia | Short hair-like structures on a cell used for movement |
| Pseudopodia | Limb-like structures on a cell used for movement |
| Chloroplast | Organelle in a plant cell that allows for photosynthesis |
| Mitochondrion | Organelle in an animal cell that allows for respiration |
| Ribosome | Organelle used in protein synthesis |
| Nucleus | Organelle used to store DNA |
| Exocytosis | Process by which a cell emits a large molecule |
| Prokaryote | A cell with no nucleus, free-floating DNA |
| Eukaryote | A cell with a nucleus to hold its DNA |
| Asexual reproduction | Reproduction with a single parent |
| Binary Fission | Method of asexual reproduction which creates two identical cells |
| Budding | Method of asexual reproduction which creates smaller cells from the parent |
| Chromosome | Bundle of DNA, two twisted strands connected by a centromere |
| Lysosome | An animal organelle used to assist with digestion |
| Central Vacuole | A plant organelle used to hold water |
| Cell Walls | Plant cell structure, stiff barrier made of cellulose |
| Hypertonic | A solution with more solute relative to another |
| Hypotonic | A solution with less solute relative to another |
| Photosynthesis | Process by which plant cells create food from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight |
| Chemosynthesis | Process by which certain unicellular organisms derive energy from inorganic compounds |
| Aerobic Respiration | Process by which a cell breaks down glucose using oxygen |
| Anaerobic respiration | Process by which a cell breaks down glucose without oxygen, generates byproducts |
| Enzyme | A class of protein used in causing or affecting the speed of certain chemical reactions in the body |
| Things That Affect Enzymes | Heat, pH |
| Nucleotide | A monomer of a nucleic acid, made of a phosphate, sugar, and a base |
| Protein Synthesis | The two-step process of creating proteins |
| Transcription | First step in protein synthesis; one gene is made into mRNA |
| Translation | Second step in protein synthesis, tRNA attaches to mRNA with certain amino acids to create a protein |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak chemical bond, used to hold DNA together |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid used to store genetic information in an organism |
| mRNA | A variety of RNA, used to send genetic info from the nucleus to the ribosome |
| tRNA | A variety of RNA, attaches to amino acids and is used in making proteins |
| rRNA | A variety of RNA, allows the ribosome to synthesize proteins |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid, has 3 varieties all used in protein synthesis |
| Replication | The process of copying DNA, semiconservative |
| Nucleic Bases (DNA) | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |
| Nucleic Bases (RNA) | Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine |
| Codon | A 3-base length of mRNA coding for one amino acid |
| Mutation | A change in DNA |
Created by:
P3r50n
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