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Brain&Behavior ch.10
Biological Rhthyms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The _________ Houses an Endogenous Circadian Clock | Hypothalamus |
| ________ rhythms are regular fluctuations in a living process | Biological |
| Biological rhythms include which three rhythms? | circadian, ultracadian, and infradian |
| Circadian rhythms have a rhythm of about _#_ hours | 24 |
| Ultradian rhythms repeat more than once a day and include things like... | bouts of activity, feeding,and hormone release |
| Infradian rhythms repeat less than once a day and include things like... | body weight and reproductive cycles |
| Biological rhythms are regular _________ in a living process | fluctuations |
| ________s are active during the light ________s are active during the dark | Diurnal, Nocturnal |
| A ______ shift is the shift in activity in response to a synchronizing stimulus, such as light or food | phase |
| _________ is the process of shifting the rhythm | Entrainment |
| The cue that an animal uses to synchronize with the environment is called a _______ or “time-giver” | zeitgeber |
| The biological clock is located in the _____________ ________—above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus | suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
| SCN-lesioned animals showed what? | disrupted circadian rhythms |
| Isolated SCN cells maintain electrical activity that is what? | synchronized to the previous light cycle |
| __________ studies proved that the SCN produces a circadian rhythm | Transplant |
| Hamsters with SCN lesions received a SCN tissue transplant from hamsters with a very short period, ~20 hours. What was the result? | Circadian rhythms were restored but matched the shorter period of the donor |
| Circadian rhythms entrain to light-dark cycles using different pathways, some outside of the eye | ;) |
| The pineal gland in amphibians and birds is sensitive to _____ | light |
| ________ is secreted from the pineal gland to inform the brain about light | Melatonin |
| In mammals, light information goes from the eye to the SCN via the ___________ pathway | retinohypothalamic |
| retinohypothalamic pathway: Some retinal ________ cells project to the SCN | ganglion |
| retinohypothalamic pathway: Most of the retinal ganglion cells contain ________, a special photopigment, that makes them sensitive to light | melanopsin |
| SCN cells in mammals make two proteins: | Clock & Cycle |
| Clock and Cycle proteins bind together to form a what? | dimer |
| The Clock/Cycle dimer binds to DNA and promotes the transcription of 2 genes: | Period (per) and Cryptochrome (cry) [Per and Cry proteins bind to each other and to protein Tau] |
| Molecular clock: The Per/Cry/Tau protein complex enters the nucleus and ______ the transcription of per and cry | inhibits |
| Molecular clock: What does this inhibition cause? | No new proteins are made until the first set degrades, The cycle repeats ~every 24 hours |
| mutations of _____ gene in Drosophila helped understand circadian clock in mammals | period |
| Gene ________ show how important the clock is to behavior in constant conditions: | mutations |
| In tau mutations the period is ______ than normal | shorter |
| Double Clock mutants are severely _________ | arrhythmic |
| Sleep is synchronized to _______ events, including light and dark | external |
| In the absence of cues, humans have a freerunning period of approximately _#_ hours | 25 |
| Electrical brain ________can be used to classify levels of arousal and states of sleep | potentials |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG): continuous scalp recording; summed Post-Synaptic Potentials (____ and ____) of synchronously firing pyramidal cells in neocortex | IPSP and EPSP |
| There are Two distinct classes of sleep: | Slow-wave sleep (SWS) and Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM) |
| Slow-wave sleep (SWS) can be divided into _#_ stages and is characterized by slow-wave EEG activity | 4 |
| Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM) is characterized by small ________, fast-EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements | amplitude |
| The pattern of activity in an awake person contains many __________ | frequencies: |
| These frequencies are dominated by waves of ____ frequency and ___ amplitude (15 to 20 Hz) • Known as beta activity or desynchronized EEG | fast, low |
| Alpha rhythm occurs in _________, a regular oscillation of 8 to 12 Hz | relaxation |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: Stage 1 sleep shows events of ________ frequency and _______ amplitude, as well as vertex spikes, or sharp waves | irregular, smaller |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: Stage 1 sleep causes what physical things to happen? (3) | Heart rate slows, muscle tension reduces, eyes move about |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: how long does Stage 1 sleep last? | Lasts several minutes |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: Stage 2 sleep is Defined by waves of 12 to 14 Hz that occur in bursts, called _____ _________ | sleep spindles |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: in Stage 2 sleep, K-complexes appear which are what? | —sharp negative EEG potentials |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: Early stage 3 sleep Continues _____ _________ as in stage 2 | sleep spindles |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: Early stage 3 sleep is Defined by the appearance of _____-amplitude, very slow waves called _____ waves | large, delta |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: Early stage 3 sleep: how often do Delta waves occur? | about once per second |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: in Late stage 3 sleep Delta waves are present about ____ the time | half |
| Four stages of slow-wave sleep: ___ sleep follows SWS | REM |
| REM sleep: Active EEG with _____-amplitude, _____-frequency waves, like an awake person | small, high |
| REM sleep: Muscles are relaxed—called _______ sleep | paradoxical |
| Vivid dreams occur during REM sleep, characterized by: | Visual imagery and Sense that the dreamer is “there” |
| _________ are frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper from REM sleep | Nightmares |
| ______ _______ are sudden arousals from stage 3 SWS, marked by fear and autonomic activity | Night terrors |
| Nearly all mammals display both REM and SWS. Birds also display both REM and SWS sleep. Dolphins don’t show REM sleep however, because why? | relaxed muscles are incompatible surface breathing |
| In dolphins and birds, only one brain hemisphere enters SWS at a time; the other remains _______ | awake |
| Typical young adult sleep 7–8 hours/night: __-__% in stage 2; __% in REM | 45–50, 20 |
| Typical young adult sleep 7–8 hours/night: Cycles last __-___minutes | 90–110 |
| Typical young adult sleep 7–8 hours/night: In Earlier cycles, there's more ___ ; later cycles more ___ | stage 3 SWS, REM |
| Infant sleep is characterized by: (2) | Shorter sleep cycles and More REM sleep – 50%, which may provide essential stimulation to the developing nervous system |
| As we age, what happens to our sleep and wake times? | sleep time declines and wake time increases |
| The biggest loss is time spent in stage _#_: – By 60, only half as much time is spent as at age 20 – By 90, it has disappeared | 3 |
| sleep deprivation: Effects can vary with age and other factors. But what are three common effects? | Increased irritability, Difficulty in concentrating, and Episodes of disorientation |
| Randy Gardner’s HS science fair project - How long could he go without sleep? He managed _#_ consecutive days with no signs of insanity | 11 |
| ______ _________ is the process of sleeping more than normally, after a period of deprivation | Sleep recovery |
| Sleep recovery: Night 1 | stage 3 sleep is increased, but stage 2 is decreased |
| Sleep recovery: Night 2 | most recovery of REM sleep, which is more intense than normal with more rapid eye movements |
| Sleep deprivation can be fatal: Total sleep deprivation compromises the ________ ________ and leads to death | immune system |
| The disease _____ ________ insomnia is inherited – in midlife people stop sleeping and die 7–24 months after onset of the insomnia | fatal familial |
| Degeneration of ______ ______ was found in patient with fatal familial insomnia; | frontal cortex |
| The bodies need sleep for what 4 things? | Energy conservation, Niche adaptation, Body restoration, and Memory consolidation |
| Sleep may aid memory consolidation: Sleep during the interval between learning and recall may reduce what? | interfering stimuli |
| Sleep may aid memory consolidation: Memory typically _____ and sleep may slow this down | decays |
| Sleep may aid memory consolidation: Or sleep, especially ___, may actively contribute through processes that consolidate the learned material | REM |
| Sleep is an active state mediated by what 4 interacting neural systems? | forebrain, brainstem, pontine, and hypothalamic systems |
| A forebrain system—displays ____ | SWS |
| A brainstem system—activates the _______ | forebrain |
| A pontine system—triggers ____ _______ | REM sleep |
| A hypothalamic system—does what? | affects the other three systems |
| _________ experiments showed that different sleep systems originate in different parts of the brain | Transection |
| The isolated brain is made by an incision between the ________ and the _______ ______ | medulla and the spinal cord |
| Animals with this incision showed signs of sleep and wakefulness, proving what? | that the networks reside in the brain |
| An isolated forebrain is made by an incision in the ________ | midbrain |
| The electrical activity in the forebrain showed constant SWS, but not REM—thus, the forebrain alone can generate ____ | SWS |
| The constant SWS activity in the forebrain is generated by the ______ _______, a ventral region | basal forebrain |
| Neurons in this region become active at sleep onset and release _____ | GABA |
| GABA activates receptors in the nearby ___________ nucleus | tuberomamillary |
| GABA receptors are also stimulated by general _________ to produce slow waves resembling SWS | anesthetics |
| What is able to activate the cortex? | The reticular formation . |
| Electrical stimulation of this area will _____ __ sleeping animals | wake up |
| Lesions of this area promote ______ | sleep |
| The forebrain and reticular formation seem to guide the brain between ___ and ___________ | SWS and wakefulness |
| An area of the pons, near the locus coeruleus, is responsible for what kind of sleep? | REM sleep (Some neurons in this region are only active during REM sleep ) |
| this area of the pons inhibit motoneurons to keep them from firing, which disables what during REM? | disabling the motor system during REM sleep |
| The study of _________ revealed the hypothalamic sleep center. | narcolepsy |
| Narcolepsy sufferers have frequent what? | sleep attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness |
| Narcolepsy sufferers do not go through ___ before REM sleep | SWS |
| Narcolepsy sufferers may show _________—a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse | cataplexy |
| Narcoleptic dogs have a mutant gene for a _______ receptor | hypocretin |
| Hypocretin normally prevents what? | the transition from wakefulness directly into REM sleep |
| Interfering with hypocretin signaling leads to ________ | narcolepsy |
| Hypocretin neurons in the hypothalamus project to other sleep system centers: (3) | the basal forebrain, the reticular formation, and the locus coeruleus |
| Axons also go to the tuberomamillary nucleus, whose inhibition induces what? | SWS |
| The ___________ seems to contain a hypocretin sleep that controls wakefulness, SWS sleep, or REM sleep | hypothalamus |
| ______ _________ is the brief inability to move just before falling asleep, or just after waking up | Sleep paralysis |
| sleep paralysis may be caused by the _______ _______ continuing to signal for muscle relaxation, even when awake | pontine center |
| Sleep disorders in children: Night terrors and sleep enuresis (bed-wetting) are associated with what kind of sleep? | SWS |
| Sleep disorders in children: Somnambulism (sleepwalking) occurs during stage _#_ SWS, and may persist into adulthood | 3 |
| REM behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by what? | organized behavior from an asleep person (fighting an imaginary foe for example) |
| RBD usually begins after age 50 and may be followed by beginning symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. This suggests what? | damage in the brain motor systems |
| ____-_____ insomnia is a difficulty in falling asleep, and can be caused by situational factors, such as shift work or jet lag | Sleep-onset insomnia |
| _____-________ insomnia is a difficulty in staying asleep and may be caused by drugs or neurological factors | Sleep-maintenance insomnia |
| In ______ _______, breathing may stop or slow down when muscles in the chest and diaphragm relax too much or respiratory neurons in the brain stem don’t signal properly | sleep apnea |
| Sleep state misperception occurs when what? | people report insomnia even when they were asleep |
| ________ _______ _______ __________ is sleep apnea resulting from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms | Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
| what can prevent the infant from suffocation due to apnea? | Putting babies to sleep on their backs |
| Most sleeping pills bind to ____ receptors throughout the brain | GABA |
| Continued use of sleeping pills can cause what 3 things? | • Makes them ineffective • Produces marked changes in sleep patterns that persist even when not taking the drug • Can lead to drowsiness and memory gaps |
Created by:
cmccartney2
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