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MIP 300 Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 domains | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| 5 kingdoms | monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
| magnification= | objective x eyepiece |
| best light microscope resolving power | 0.2 um |
| 4 types of light microscopes | bright-field, dark-field, phase-contrast, fluorescence |
| phase contrast microscopy | converts slight differences in refractive indexes into easily detected variations in light intensity |
| basic dyes bind to | negatively charged structures |
| acidic dyes bind to | positively charged structures |
| acid fast + | pink |
| acid fast - | blue |
| phospholipid found in bacteria | phosphotidylethanolamine |
| what makes up archaea membrane? | much stronger phospholipid |
| mycoplasmas | lack a cell membrane |
| mycobacterium | mycolic acid layer |
| protein that transports larger substances thru outer membrane (gram negative) | permeases |
| protein that transports smaller substances thru outer membrane (gram negative) | porins |
| 2 carbohydrates that make up cell wall/what kind of linkage | NAG & NAM; beta glycosidic bond |
| difference b/w gram - and gram + cell wall (carbohydrates) | gram + has tetrapeptide |
| what can block penicillin? | outer membranes |
| when does penicillin work? | when the cell is dividing |
| lysozyme | enzyme found in salvia, tears, sweat that destroys structural integrity of peptidoglycan molecule |
| penicillin | fits into enzyme that makes cell walls (inhibits it) |
| penicillin structure | beta lactam ring |
| bacteria that lack a cell wall | mycoplasma |
| how are mycoplasma membranes strengthened? | sterols in PM |
| mycoplasma are not affected by | lysozyme and penicillin |
| archaea often have | an s-layer |
| what can be altered to change gram negative cell wall thickness? | # of sheets of NAG and NAM only |
| what can be altered to change gram + cell wall thickness? (3) | number of NAG and NAM sheets, type of inter bridge, number of AAs in inter bridge |
| bacteria microtubules | tubulin homolog |
| bacteria microfilaments | actin homolog |
| 3 functions of cytoskeleton | cell division, protein localization, shape |
| inclusion bodies have a ____ | sometimes enclosed by a SINGLE layer membrane (protein, phospholipids); many used for storage |
| organic inclusion bodies (4) | gas vacuole, carboxysome, cyanophycin, glycogen |
| glycogen granules | (inclusion body) have PHB (can be used as biodegradable plastic) |
| carboxysomes | (inclusion body) store CO2 and fix carbon |
| cyanophycin | (inclusion body) long chains if AAs (arg and asp) for nitrogen storage |
| gas vacuoles | (inclusion body) help bacteria that live in H2O move around |
| inorganic inclusion bodies (2) | metachromatic granules, magnetasomes |
| megachromatic granules | (inclusion body) store phosphate for ATP production |
| magnetasomes | (inclusion body) contain Fe to align w/ poles |
| prokaryotic ribosomes | 70S (30S and 50S) |
| eukaryotic ribosomes | 80S (40S and 60S) |
| similar protein to histones found in prokaryotes | condensin |
| some archaea have what eukaryotic protein? | histones |
| 4 types of things that plasmids can transfer | antibiotic resistance, genes for metabolic processes, anti-bacterial genes, toxins |
| endospores are heat resistant b/c of | calcium-dipicolinic acid |
| germination (definition) | turning back into a cell from an endospore |
| 3 steps of germination | activation, germination, outgrowth |
| 4 functions of components external to cell wall (4) | horizontal gene transfer, movement, attachment, protection |
| capsule | layer of polysaccharides that resists endocytosis (complement doesn't bind as well) |
| slime layer | less organized and easier to removed than capsule |
| glycocalyx | "sugar shell" that encompasses both the capsule and slime layer |
| biofilms | collection of bacteria in some kind of sugar mesh (plaque)-> inside is much more antibiotic resistant |
| s-layer | protein that gives cell shape, protects it, and aids in virulence |
| diagnosis of TB | PPD + chest x-ray (check for granulomas) |
| __ of the world's population is infected w/ TB | 1/3 (90% latent) |
| can pili and fimbriae be visualized under a light microscope? | no |
| type IV fimbriae | twitch for motility |
| 3 parts of flagella | filament, hook, and basal body |
| axial filament | found only in spirochetes; internal flagella that flexes, bends, and spins |
| chemoreceptors are located where? | in PM or periplasmic space of gram - |
| binary fission steps (5) | gets bigger, chromosome replicated, contents divided, septum, division |
| 4 phases of growth | lag (getting ready to divide), exponential/log (dividing), stationary (#dying=#dividing), death (dying exponentially) |
| psychrophiles | 0-20C |
| facultative psychrophiles | 20-30C (Listeria monocytogenes) |
| mesophiles | 15-45C (most human pathogens) |
| thermophiles | 45-100C |
| stenothermal | grow over a small range of temperatures |
| eurythermal | grow over a wide range of temperatures |
| hypotonic | pure water |
| isotonic | water activity= 0.98 (human body) |
| hypertonic | low water activity (salt lakes ~0.75) |
| osmotolerance | microbes that can grow in low water activity (hypertonic) |
| halophiles | microbes that REQUIRE a low water activity |
| optimum pH 1-5.5 | acidophiles |
| optimum pH 5.5-8 | neutrophiles |
| optimum pH 8.5-11.5 | alkalophiles |
| barotolerant | bacteria that CAN grow >1 atm |
| barophliic | bacteria that prefer to grow >1 atm |
| bacteria that can live with or without O2 | aerotolerant anaerobes |
| what protects microbes from radiation? | pigmentation |
| sterilization | no living microbes |
| disinfectant | killing/inhibiting microbes from INANIMATE objects |
| sanitization | reducing microbial #s to levels safe for public (not all gone) |
| antiseptics | killing/inhibiting microbes from LIVING tissue |
| optimal concentration of alcohol sanitizers | 60-70% (if more evaporates too fast) |
| 2 common mistakes while taking antibiotics | failure to follow directions and failure to finish |
| 5 modes of killing | ribosomes, cell wall, membranes, nucleic acids, metabolic pathways |
| 5 ways bacteria evade antibiotics | prevent entrance, efflux pumps, drug inactivation, target modification, alternate pathway |
| what step in sporulation is most likely inhibited by inhibiting NAG and NAM? | formation of the cortex |
| you isolated cell w/ 70s ribosomes, dsDNA, and PPL bilayer.. could be what? | bacteria, archaea, or eukarya |
| a mutation in the axial filament gene would render which type of bacteria immobile? | spirochetes |
| what can produce exoezymes? | both gram positive and gram negative bacteria |
| 2 organelles that arose to the endosymbiont theory | chloroplasts and mitochrondria |
| 4 reasons why chloroplasts/mitochondria came from bacteria | 70s ribosomes, circular DNA, size/shape like a bacterium, double membrane |
| therapeutic index | amount that is toxic/amount that is therapeutic |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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