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biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biosphere | all life on earth and all parts on earth in which life exists |
| ecology | the scientific study of organisms and organisms and their environment |
| biome | similar organisms and climates ecosystem |
| community | an assemblage of different populations that live in a defined area |
| population | a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
| species | is a group of similar organisms that can breed and reproduce fertile offspring |
| environment | a specific ecosystem |
| biotic factor | any living part of an environment that an organism might interact with |
| abiotic factor | any non-living part of the environment that an organism might interact with. |
| autotroph or primary producer | uses solar or chemical energy to produce "food" by assembling inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules |
| photosynthesis | captures light and energy and uses it to power chemical reactions |
| chemosynthesis | where chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates |
| carnivore | eats only meet |
| herbivore | eats only plants |
| scavengers | animals that consume the carcasses of other animals that have already been killed by their preditors |
| omnivores | eat meat and plants |
| decomposers | chemically break down organic matter |
| detritivores | commonly digest things already broken down by decomposers |
| food chain | is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by being eaten |
| phytoplankton | floating alage |
| food web | network of feeding interactions in their complexity described using a visual web |
| trophic level | each step in the food chain or food web |
| ecological pyramid | shows the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each tropic level in a given food chain/web |
| biomass | the total amount of tissue within a given trophic level |
| pyramid of biomass | shows the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level in the ecosystem |
| pyramid of numbers | the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level in the ecosystem. |
| cells | basic units of lif |
| cell theory | all living things are made of cells cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things new cells are produced from existing cells |
| cell membrane | all cells are surrounded by this thin flexible barrier |
| nucleus | a large membrane enclosed structure that contains genetic material in the form of dna |
| eukaryotes | enclose their dna in their nuclei such as fungai, plants, and animals and it contains a nucleus |
| prokaryotes | dose not enclose dna within the nuclei and has no nucleus and an example is bacteria |
| cytoplasm | Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell. All of the organelles in a cell are suspended in cytoplasm. The liquid maintains the internal pressure of the cell, ensuring that it doesn't shrink like a deflated balloon. |
| organelles | Different parts of the cell structure that resemble little organs |
| vacuoles | store materials like water, carbohydrates, and salts |
| lysosomes | Breaks down waste and detoxify poisons to clean the cell up. In addition, they salvage any materials the cell can use. |
| cytokeleton | Gives the cells its shape and in addition helps transport materials between different parts of the cells. And cytoskeleton components may be involved in the moving of a entire cell. |
| centrioles | Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division |
| ribosomes | They follow instructions from the nucleus and create proteins that the cell needs. The free floating ribosomes create proteins that stay inside the cell. While the ones on the endoplasmic reticulum create proteins that can either leave the cell or stay wi |
| endoplasmic reticulum | Ribosomes dotting the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum follow instructions from the nucleus, and make proteins that the cell needs. The endoplasmic reticulum also prepares the proteins for transport to the golgi apparatus, the packaging plant of the c |
| golgi anaratus | The Golgi receives vesicles containing proteins that were sent by rough er. It then if necessary modifies the proteins and then sends them where they need to go. |
| chloplasts | Capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
| mitocondria | Make a cellular energy known as atp. |
| cell wall | A strong supporting layer around the membrane known as a cell wall. |
| lipid bilayer | Gives cell membrane a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings. |
| selectively permeable membrane | Most membranes are selectively permeable so some substances can pass across them while others can not |
| diffusion | Is the process by which molecules of a substance move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It does not require the cell to use energy. |
| passive transport | Movement across the cell membrane without using energy. Movement across the cell membrane without using energy. |
| facilitated diffusion | Process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels. Process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels. |
| Aquapornis | water Chanel protein in the cell |
| osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| istonic | When the concentration of two substances is the same |
| hypertonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes. When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes. |
| hyportonic | When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes. |
| osmotic pressure | Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane |
| endocytosis | Is the process of taking material into the cell by the means of inholdings or pockets of the cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | Is a form of endocytosis in which an extension of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. The cell then engulfs it. Amoebas use this method to take in food. |
| excocytosis | The membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane forcing the contents out of the cell. |
| unicellular organisms | single celled organisms |
| homeostatsis | relatively equal internal and external balance |
| cell | a particular organisms with a particular function |
| tissues | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| organ | group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions |
| organ system | group of organs that work together to form a specific function |
| energy | ability to do work |
| ATP | compound used by cells to store and release energy |
| hetertrophs | consume energy by mainlining other living organisms |
| autroph | makes food from sunlight |
| photosythesis | process of making energy through sunlight |
| pigments | light absorbing molecules used by plants to gather suns energy |
| chlorophyll | principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
| thaklokoids | saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts |
| stroma | fluid portion of the chloroplasts found outside the stroma |
| cyclins | one of a family of proteins that regulates the cell cycle in the eukaryote cell |
| internal regulators | respond to events within the cell |
| external regulators | respond to events outside the cell |
| apoptosis | to process of programmed cell death |
| differentiation | process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
| stem cells | unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more type of specialized cells |
| totipotent cell | cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body |
| blastocyst | stage of early development in mammalas that consists of a hollow ball of cells |
| pluripotent cells | cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all of the bodies cell types |
| mulitpotent cell | cell with limited differentiation into many types of different cells |
| Heredity | the delivery of characteristics from parent to offspring |
| genetics | scientific study of heredity |
| trait | a specific characteristic of an individual such as seed color or plant height that may vary from one individual to another |
| hybrid | the offspring crosses between parents with different traits |
| genes | the factors that are passed from parents to offspring |
| alleles | the different forms of a gene |
| principle of dominance | some alleles are dominate while others are recessive |
| segregation | separation of alleles |
| gamates | sex cells |
| probability | likelihood that something will occur |
| homozygous organism | if an organism has two identical alleles for a particular gene |
| heterozygous organism | organisms that have two different alleles for the same gene |
| genotype | genetic make up |
| phenotype | physical traits |
| punnet square | helps predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross |
| incomplete dominance | situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele |
| co dominance | situation in which the phenotypes produced both alleles are completely expressed |
| multiple alleles | a gene that has more than two alleles |
| polygenic traits | trait controlled by two or more genes |
Created by:
walshi18
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