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Forensics Ch. 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hair, blood, dirt, fingerprints, paint, glass, weapons, wounds, clothes, tire tread | ten examples of common types of physical evidence |
| determines the physical or chemical identity of a substance with as near absolute certainty as possible | purpose of identification |
| drugs and explosives | two types of evidence that will be identified |
| determines whether 2 or more objects have a common origin | comparison analysis |
| a standard/reference sample | what is required for a comparison? |
| as probability | how are results of a comparison analysis reported? |
| properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty | individual characteristics |
| fingerprints, 7-layered paint | two examples of individual characteristics |
| properties of evidence that can only be associated with a group and never with a single source | class characteristics |
| tire tread, blood type | two examples of class characteristics |
| multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile | product rule |
| jury | who decides the significance of physical evidence in a trial |
| record of everything that happened to the evidence from the moment it is discovered until it arrives in court or is destroyed | chain of custody |
| helps make sure you don't lose/damage evidence and allows you to use it in court | why is chain of custody relevant? |
| recognition, identification, comparison, individualization, reconstruction | stages in analysis of physical evidence |
| can be used to match a victim to a suspect or a suspect to a crime | forensic database |
| AFIS | fingerprint database |
| CODIS | DNA database |
| IBIS | alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives database |
| profiles of convicted/arrested | offender |
| unsolved crime scene | forensic indexes |
| build a new model of crime scene to decide how crime took place | crime scene reconstruction |
| blood spatter patterns, bullet trajectories, penetrated glass, residues | useful techniques to aid criminalists in crime scene reconstruction |
| securing/protecting the scene | what is the first and most important step in crime scene reconstruction? |
| PDQ because you can't always know exactly where paint came from | which of the forensic databases contain information that relates primarily to evidence exhibiting class characteristics? |
| CODIS because DNA can give a perfect match | which forensic databases contain information that relates primarily to exhibiting individual characteristics? |
| paint, DNA, Ted Bundey | Gary Ridgeway |
| parts of chipped body | Richard Craft |
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pace_sauce
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