Forensics Ch. 3
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| hair, blood, dirt, fingerprints, paint, glass, weapons, wounds, clothes, tire tread | ten examples of common types of physical evidence
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| determines the physical or chemical identity of a substance with as near absolute certainty as possible | purpose of identification
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| drugs and explosives | two types of evidence that will be identified
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| determines whether 2 or more objects have a common origin | comparison analysis
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| a standard/reference sample | what is required for a comparison?
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| as probability | how are results of a comparison analysis reported?
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| properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty | individual characteristics
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| fingerprints, 7-layered paint | two examples of individual characteristics
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| properties of evidence that can only be associated with a group and never with a single source | class characteristics
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| tire tread, blood type | two examples of class characteristics
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| multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile | product rule
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| jury | who decides the significance of physical evidence in a trial
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| record of everything that happened to the evidence from the moment it is discovered until it arrives in court or is destroyed | chain of custody
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| helps make sure you don't lose/damage evidence and allows you to use it in court | why is chain of custody relevant?
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| recognition, identification, comparison, individualization, reconstruction | stages in analysis of physical evidence
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| can be used to match a victim to a suspect or a suspect to a crime | forensic database
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| AFIS | fingerprint database
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| CODIS | DNA database
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| IBIS | alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and explosives database
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| profiles of convicted/arrested | offender
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| unsolved crime scene | forensic indexes
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| build a new model of crime scene to decide how crime took place | crime scene reconstruction
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| blood spatter patterns, bullet trajectories, penetrated glass, residues | useful techniques to aid criminalists in crime scene reconstruction
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| securing/protecting the scene | what is the first and most important step in crime scene reconstruction?
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| PDQ because you can't always know exactly where paint came from | which of the forensic databases contain information that relates primarily to evidence exhibiting class characteristics?
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| CODIS because DNA can give a perfect match | which forensic databases contain information that relates primarily to exhibiting individual characteristics?
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| paint, DNA, Ted Bundey | Gary Ridgeway
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| parts of chipped body | Richard Craft
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