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CAE7
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phylogeny | hypothesis of how taxa are evolutionarily related to each other |
| Systematics | Looks at evolution of taxa (phylogeny) and taxonomy (naming of species) |
| Node | shared common ancestor |
| Sister taxa | 2 taxa that share a common ancestor |
| Lungfish | can estivate (live in ponds and then bury when it dries up) |
| Monocots | one cotyledon (eg grasses, orchids, palms, lilies) o like a grass, just straight |
| Dicots | two cotyledon (eg beans, roses, dasies, oaks, maples) o like a branchy maple leaf |
| Cotyledon | a nutrient storage thing for embryos |
| are monocots and dicots evolutionary groups? | • An angiosperm has a seed that’s buried in some sort of tissue • In gymnosperms the seed is naked & no flowers |
| How to collect data to create a phylogeny | Collect data (morph or genetic). Data must be homologous. Data must vary (have different character states, like have it or not) |
| Homology vs analogy | -homology – similar due to shared ancestry -analogy – similarity not due to shared ancestry, due to coevolutionary processes |
| synapomorphy | a shared derived trait (that is homologous) • character states vary from outgroup, and vary across the tree but also have shared ancestry |
| homoplasy | shared traits and character states, but not through shared ancestry • convergent evolution • reversals in character states (loss of characters and states) o short and long interspersed nucleotide elements can overcome this |
| parsimony | the smallest number of states changes needed to generate tree |
| character states | like # of legs, do you have hair or not, etc |
| Polytomy | breaks it into 3+ |
| Character | any characteristic to be studied |
| Ancestral trait | same as in the ancestor |
| Derived trait | similar to ancestral, but changed up a bit via mutation, selection, etc. |
| Ancestral vs derived | If you’re comparing current mammals to ancient mammal-like reptiles, fur and lactation are derived, but if we’re comparing whales and humans those characters are ancestral. |
| Homology | similarity in organisms due to a shared ancestor |
| Monophyletic group | includes ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor |
| Synapomorphy | shared, derived trait is found in 2 or more taxa that is present in most recent common ancestor but missing in more ancient ancestors |
| Homoplasy | trait that is shared due to reasons other than ancestry. So like flamingos and pigs are both pink but it’s not because they shared a common ancestor that was also pink. |
| Polyphyletic group | an unnatural group that does not include the most recent common ancestor |
| Paraphyletic group | a group that includes an ancestor and some of its descendants but not all |
| Convergent evolution | when evolution arrives at the same conclusion for what’s best. Like even though a shark and a dolphin haven’t shared a common ancestor in a long time, they both ended up in a similar shape because that’s what works best for their environment. |
| Distinguishing between homoplasy and homology | • Homology – genes occur in similar sequence. Like same order, same chromosome • Homology - homeobox base pair sequence • Homology – found in interverning lineages |
| Steps to supporting a claim about phylogeny | • Phylogeny based on morphological traits • Phylogeny based on dna sequence data • Transmutable diseases…? SINES? |
Created by:
haleyBUGoxox
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