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Speech Science
07 Physiological Acoustics- Classifying Speech Sounds & Voice Onset Time
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Speech sounds classified by | The source (where in the speech sound mechanism does the sound originate) and nature (what kind of sound are we talking about) of the sound(s) produced |
| Two Sound Sources for Speech | 1)Larynx 2)Oral Cavity |
| Larynx speech source | “Laryngeal Buzz” Periodic complex tone produced by vocal fold vibration (has harmonic and tonal characteristics) |
| Sounds with Larynx source | all vowels, dipthongs + m, n, ing, w, j, r, l |
| Oral Cavity speech source | Aperiodic noise produced by pressure changes (location where sound originates, not the modification) |
| 2 types of sounds produced in the oral cavity | 1)Transient Plosive burst 2)Friction-like continuous noise |
| Transient Plosive burst | Build up pressure and release an artiulator, causing a sudden pressure drop which produces a sound called the plosive burst. p, t, k |
| Friction-like continuous noise | Occurs when you force air through a narrow orifice and creates friction like sounds. th, s, sh, f , h |
| What oriface shape is more efficient at creating a more powerful sound? | Circular orifaces are more efficient at generating tyrbulence than flat orifaces (why /s/ and /sh/ are more powerful than /f/ and /th/) |
| Affricate | A stop exploded into a fricative which is released into a narrow orifice (ch,dz) |
| Result of A plosive burst being superimposed upon a laryngeal buzz | b,d,g |
| Result of A continuous friction-like noise can be superimposed upon a laryngeal buzz | thz,v,z,jz |
| Result of A plosive burst, exploded into a narrow orifice, can be superimposed upon a laryngeal buzz | dz |
| Sonorants | The group of phonemes whose sole sound source is vocal fold vibration (larynx). All have harmonic structure -all vowels plus er -dipthongs -nasals -glides/liquids |
| Obstruents | The group of phonemes that are characterized by aperiodic noises produced within the oral cavitity. -All stops -all fricatives -all affricates |
| Speech power of vowels | Vowels more intense than consonants. -The strongest consonants doesn't have the power of the weakest vowel. |
| Consonants carry | carry the largest amount of linguistic info |
| Duration of the average syllable | 180ms |
| Duration of The average vowel | 120ms |
| vowel duration and power | Vowels loudest and longest but don’t carry as much linguist info. |
| Duration of A vowel before a voiceless consonant | 100 ms |
| Duration of A vowel before a voiced consonant | 140ms |
| Phonation percentage during speech | 76% |
| Percentage of speech for vowels and consonants | 1)36% = production of vowels 2)40% = production of voiced consonants 3) Remaining 24% (not phonating) = pauses or voiceless consonants |
| Duration of avg vowel | 120ms |
| Duration of avg consonants | 60ms |
| Duration of a stressed vowel compared to an unstressed vowel | -The duration of a stressed vowel = 75% longer than an unstressed vowel -Stressed vowels = also 3 to 4 times more powerful than unstressed vowels |
| Duration of Consonants before stressed vowels | = longer than consonants before unstressed vowels |
| What is the most powerful sound? | /)/ aka aw |
| What are the weakest soundsT? | /f,v,th/ account for over 50% of sound discrimination errors |
| The intensity of a speech sound related to tongue height | -The intensity of a speech sound = inversely related to tongue height -The higher the tongue the smaller the opening -Higher the tongue lower/weaker the sound. |
| What is The average difference between the strongest sound, /)/ and the weakest sound /th/? | about 28db |
| If a speaker moves 10 ft away sound is attenuated | -By more than 40db -Under such conditions, /th/ is barely audible |
| Difference between voice and voiceless consonants | when voicing begins |
| VOT | voice onset time |
| VTT | voice termination time |
| 3 Types of Stops | .Aspirated voiceless stops .Unaspirated voiceless stops .Voiced stops |
| Aspirated voiceless stops | In English, all voiceless stops that precede stressed vowels |
| Unaspirated voiceless stops | all voiceless stops that occur in consonant clusters or precede unstressed vowels |
| Aspiration delays | voice onset time |
| When does voicing begin in a voiced consonant? | voicing begins prior to the release of the plosive burst. -difference between /b/ and /p/ |
| Voice Onset Time is measured | in ms from the plosive release to the beginning of phonation |
| VOT=0 | when a voiceless plosive occurs in a cluster (i.e. sp) |
| Delay in VOT occurs | after a voiceless consonant |
| - VOT | Occur during voiced consonants |
| Avg VOT for voiceless, aspirated stops | 35 to 135 ms |
| Avg VOT for voiceless, unaspirated stops | (whether in a n unstressed syllable or a consonant cluster) VOT = 0 to 50 ms |
| Avg VOT for voiced stops | VOT= -35 to -195 ms |
Created by:
aramos139
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