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AP Bio Chapter 12
Stack #171754
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell division | -cell splitting-life based on cell reproduction |
| cell cycle | an ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell |
| genome | cells total herditary endowment of DNA |
| somastic cells | all body cells except reproductive cells which contain 46 chromosomes |
| gametes | sperm cells and egg cells which have 23 chromosomes |
| chromatin | DNA protein complex organized into long, thin fibers |
| sister chromatids | replicated forms of chromosome joined together by the centresome and eventually separated by mitosis or meoisis II |
| centrosome | centralized region joining two sister chromatids |
| Mitosis | the division of the nucleus, accomplished in 5 steps |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| meiosis | 2 stage type division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in gametes with half the chromosome number of the original cell |
| mitotic (M) phase | - both mitosis and cytokinesis- shortest part of the cycle |
| Interphase | -long- successive mitotic cell divisions- Divided into G1, S, and G2 phases |
| Prophase | chromatin condenses |
| Prometaphase | distinct chromosomes |
| Metaphase | chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
| Anaphase | everything else begins to separate to opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | - two daughter cells form- cytokinesis begins |
| Mitotic Spindle | structure which consists of fibers made of microtubules and proteins which the other phases depend upon |
| kinetochore | a structure proteins and specific sections of DNA at the centresome |
| astars | -in the g2 part of interphase- shape the microtubules form as they extend |
| metaphase plate | imaginary plane equidistant from the two poles where the chromosomes aline before dividing |
| cleavage forrow | a groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
| cell plate | plant cell version of the metphase plate |
| binary fission | prokaryotic cell reproduction (cell division) |
| cell cycle control system | a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle |
| checkpoint | critical point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle |
| G(zero) Phase | a non-dividing, no growth state |
| cyclin | a protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell |
| cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) | a protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin |
| MPF | a protein complex required fo a cell to progess from late interphase to mitosis, the active form consists of cyclin and cdc2, a protein kinase |
| growth factor | a protein released by certain body cells that stimulates others to divide |
| density dependent inhibition | crowded cells stop dividing |
| anchorage dependence | to divide, they must be attracted to a substratum, such as inside of a jar or cell matrix of a tissue. |
| transformation | the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell |
| tumor | a mass of abnormal cells within an otherwise normal tissue |
| benign tumor | when the abnormal cells remain at the original site |
| malignant tumor | invasive enough to impair other organs |
| metastasis | spread of cancer cells |
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