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Chemistry of Life
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Organic | Molecules composed of both carbon and hydrogen |
| Inorganic | Molecules that do not contain both hydrogen and carbon |
| Covalent Bond | A strong chemical bond formed when electrons are shared between two atoms |
| Polar Covalent Bond | A chemical bond formed when electrons are unequally shared between two atoms...a molecule of water is held together by this type of bond |
| Hydrogen Bond | A weak chemical bond formed between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom of a different molecule |
| Cohesion | The attraction of adjacent water molecules due to hydrogen bonding |
| Surface Tension | The bonding of molecules at the water's surface...the surface of water can support light objects due to this property |
| Adhesion | The attraction of water to other surfaces (such as glass) |
| Capillary Action | The ability of water to move through narrow spaces |
| Carbohydrate | A type of organic molecule which provides energy to living things |
| Ose | A suffix meaning "sugar" |
| Monosaccharide | A simple sugar (C6H12O6) |
| Glucose | A type of monosaccharide formed by photosynthesis |
| Fructose | A type of monosaccharide found in fruits |
| Galactose | A type of monosaccharide that forms lactose |
| Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides bonded together (C12H22O11) |
| Lactose | A type of disaccharide found in milk products (glucose + galactose) |
| Sucrose | A type of disaccharide known as "table sugar" (glucose + fructose) |
| Polysaccharide | Three or more monosaccharides bonded together |
| Starch | A type of polysaccharide found in plants formed by bonding the excess glucose formed by photosynthesis |
| Glycogen | A type of polysaccharide found in human muscle cells formed from the excess glucose you eat |
| Cellulose | A type of polysaccharide that forms the tough wall of a cell of a plant cell...also known as fiber |
| Protein(Polypeptides) | A chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds...they are the only organic molecule containing nitrogen...these molecules have six important functions |
| Amino Acid | (peptide)...the building block that composes a polypeptide...the sequence of these determines the shape and function of a protein |
| Carboxyl Group | The side branch of an amino acid that has C=O-O-H |
| Amino Group | The side branch of an amino acid that contains nitrogen |
| Functional Group | The part of an amino acid that differs among amino acids |
| Denaturation | The permanent destruction of a proteins's shape due to extreme changes in PH and temperature |
| Hormone | A chemical messenger that travels through the bloodstream to deliver a specific message to cells...some hormones are proteins |
| Antibody | A specialized protein made by white blood cells to help destroy disease-causing organisms |
| Enzyme | A specialized protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Lipids | A type of organic molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that functions in providing heat, cushioning organs, as a reserve energy source and steroid hormones...the three types are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids |
| Fat | This is the type of lipid that you eat |
| Fatty Acids | A chain of carbons and hydrogens that bond to a glycerol molecule in a phospholipid and triglyceride |
| Glycerol | The building block of a phospholipid and triglyceride that combines with fatty acids |
| Hydrophobic | Literally means "water fearing"...this term describes the fatty acid tails of a phospholipid that repel water and form the inner region of the cell membrane |
| Hydrophylic | Literally means "water loving"...this term describes the glycerol heads of a phospholipid that attract water and form the outer regions of the cell membrane |
| Saturated fat | Fats that are solid at room temperature...these fats are found in animal products such as cheeses, meat, and butter |
| Trans fat | Fats created in an industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid...another name for them is "partially hydrogenated oils"...these fats clog arteries and can lead to heart disease and obesity |
| Unsaturated fat | Fats that are liquid at room temperature...these fats are found in plant products such as oils and nuts |
| Steriods | A type of lipid including cholesterol and hormones |
| Estrogen | A female steroid sex hormone |
| Testosterone | A male steroid sex hormone |
| Cholestrol | A type of lipid (steroid) that gives cell membranes their flexibility |
| Indicator | A substance that is added to a solution to detect the presence of a specific substance |
| Benedict's Solution | An indicator that tests for the presence of sugar in a solution...this indicator turns yellow-orange when sugar is present...it requires heat to work |
| Lugol's Iodone solution | An indicator that tests for the presence of starch in a solution...it turns blue/black in he presence of starch |
| Biuret solution | An indicator that tests fir the presence of protein...it turns violet in the presence of protein |
| Nucleic acid | A type of organic molecule that functions in protein synthesis in a cell |
| nucleotide | The building block a a nucleic acid composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| DNA | A type of nucleic acid that functions as the "master set of instructions" during protein synthesis...it is an antiparallel double-helix made up of the bases A,T,C, and G |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar in a DNA nucleotide |
| RNA | A type of nucleic acid that functions as the "blueprint set of instructions" during protein synthesis...it is a single-stranded molecule made up of the bases A,U,C, and G |
| Ribose | The sugar in an RNA nucleotide |
| Anti-parallel | A term used to describe the structure of DNA...the two strand are parallel to one another but run in opposite directions |
| Watson and Crick | The men who discovered the double-helical structure of DNA was a double helix |
| Monomer | A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer |
| Polymer | A chain of monomers |
| Reactant | The substances needed for a chemical reaction...they are written to the left of the arrow in a chemical reaction |
| Product | The substances formed by a chemical reaction written to the right of the arrow |
| Dehydration syntheseis | The process of joining monomers together to form a polymer...this requires the removal of water |
| Hydrolysis | (Digestion)...the process of breaking polymer apart...this requires adding water |
| Catalyst | A molecule that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction as catalysts |
| Substrate | The reactant that joins with an enzyme in a chemical reaction |
| Active site | The part of an enzyme with a specific shape that joins to a particular substrate |
| "ase" | The suffix that most enzymes have in their name |
Created by:
gmottola
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