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AP Bio Chapter 8

Stack #168902

WordDefinition
amphipathic molecule has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region (Phospholipids)
selective permeability membrane allows some substances to cross it more easily than others
fluid mosaic model improved model of cell membrane, membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
integral proteins trans-membrane proteins with hydrophobic regions(non-polar amino acids) that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane
Periphial Proteins not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane often to the exposed parts in integral proteins
Transport -provide hydrophilic channels that are selective for a particular solute- transport protein hydrolyze ATP as energy source for pumping substances across the membrane
Enzymatic Activity -exposed active sites- ordered as a team that carries out sequential steps of a metabolic pathway
Signal Transducion -conformational change in the protein that relays the messege inside the cell
Intercellular Joining membrane proteins of adjacent cells hook together in different types of junctions
Cell-cell recognition some glycoproteins serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) -elements of the cyto.skel. may be bonded to membrane proteins-proteins that adhere to the ECM can coordinate extracellular and intracellular changes
transport proteins - span membrane- function by having hydrophilic channels that certain molecules pass thru- bind to their passengers and physically move them across the membrane
diffuusion the tendancy for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space
concentration gradient move from high concentraion to low
passive transport the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, cell doesn't have to spend energy to make it happen
osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (passive transport)
hypertonic solution with a higher concentraion of solutes
hypotonic lower concentraion of solutes
isotonic equal concentration of solutes
osmoregulation control of water balance
turgid cell is very firm, healthy state for most plants (hypotonic)
flaccid cell is limp, plant wilts (isotonic)
plasmolysis lethal, lose water and shrink, plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall(hypertonic)
facilitated diffusion spontaneous passage of molecules and ions bound to specific carrier proteins across a biological membrane down their concentraion gradient
gated channels a stimulus (chemical orelectrical) causes them to open or close
active transport moving against the concentration gradient
sodium potassium pump exchanges sodium for potassium across the plasma membrane of animal cells
membrane potential voltage across a membrane ranges from -50_-200 millivolts
electrochemical gradient combonation of forces acting on an ion
electrogenic pump a transport protein that generates voltage across a memrane
proton pump main electrogenic pump of plants,bacteria, fungi, actively transports hydrogen ions out of the cell
contransport a single ATP powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other mechanisms
exocytosis when the cell secretes macromolecules by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
endocytosis the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by formingnew vesciles from the plasma membrane
phagocytosis a cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a membrane-enclosed sac large enough to be classified as a vacuole
pinocytosis cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid in tiny vesciles
receptor-mediated endocytosis proteins embedded in the membrane have specific receptor sites exposed to the extracellular fluid
ligands the extracellular substances that bind to the receptors
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