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ClinChem2 Vits+Endoc
Practice test for ClinChem2 vitamins, minerals, endocrine system.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vitamin A is called ? | retinol |
| Vitamin D is called ? | cholecalciferol |
| Vitamin E is called ? | alpha-tocopherol |
| Vitamin K is known by what 2 names ? | phylloguinone and manaquinone |
| Provitamin A is known as __ and come from __ __. | known as carotenes, comes from plant pigment |
| One kind of vitamin A is known as retinal (with an A, not an O). It comes from ? | livers of animals and saltwater fishes |
| Preformed vitamin A is known as ? | retinal ester |
| Retinal ester (preformed vitamin A) comes from ? | fish oil, liver, organ meats |
| Carotenoids are a kind of vitamin A that come from ? | fruits and vegs |
| Retinol (vit A) is needed for the function of what part of the eye? | retina |
| Retinol (vit A) is needed for what part of the skin? | epithelial tissue |
| Retinol (vit A) is needed for the growth of __. | bones |
| Retinol (vit A) plays a part in __ and __ development. | reproduction and embryonic development |
| Retinol (vit A) is impart in the function of our __ system. | immune |
| Retinol (vit A) protects us from __. | malignancy |
| Retinol (vit A) can repair damage to our skin by the __. | sun |
| Cholecalciferol, also known as vit D, is a __. | prohormone |
| The activated form of cholecalciferol (vit D) comes from ? | 1. fish 2. fish eaters 3. irradiated milk |
| Vit D is bound to __ __ in plasma. | alpha globulin |
| One form of cholecalciferol (vit D) is D3, also known as ? | 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol |
| The hormonal form of vit D, calcitriol, raises blood __. | Ca++ or calcium |
| Vit D3 (calcitriol) acts on what 3 things in the body? | 1. intestinal mucosa 2. osteoblasts/ostioclasts 3. kidney tubule cells |
| Calcitriol (Vit D3) is used to treat __ __. | postmenopausal osteoporosis |
| Name 3 symptoms of Vit D (cholecalciferol) deficiencies. | 1. rickets 2. osetoporosis 3. osteomalacia |
| Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) can come from what 4 sources? | 1. veg oil 2. seeds 3. nuts 4. wheat germ |
| Vitamin E is an __ that protects LDL and polyunsaturated fats from oxidation. | antioxident |
| A lack of Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) can cause what 3 things? | 1. preemies 2. malabsorption of fats 3. fat metabolism problems |
| Vitamin K comes from ? | plants and gut flora |
| Vitamin K contributes to what clotting factors? | II, VII, IX, X (so 2+7=9 and 10) |
| People with a deficiency of vit K should avoid __ therapy. | warfarin |
| B, C, and folate vitamins are __ soluble. | water |
| Vit B1 is also called __. | thiamine |
| Vit B2 is also called __. | riboflavin |
| Vit B3 is also called __. | niacin |
| Vit B6 is also called __. | pyrodoxine |
| Vit B12 is also called __. | cyanocobalamin (the biggest number and the longest word) |
| Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all __ soluble. | fat |
| Riboflavin (vit B2) comes from many sources. Name as many as you can. | 1. milk 2. eggs 3. dairy 4. enriched flours 5. legumes (beans, etc) 6. lean meat 7. fish 8. broccoli |
| Deficiencies of B2 (riboflavin) can cause what? | mucosal lesions |
| B2 is what kind of enzyme? | coenzyme |
| What does light do to B2/riboflavin? | breaks it down |
| FMN and FAD are both related to which vitamin? | B2 |
| Vitamin B3 (niacin) is a __. | coenzyme |
| Niacin (vit B3) comes from what sources? | 1. beans 2. milk 3. lean meats 4. whole grains 5. yeast 6. liver 7. poultry 8. eggs |
| __, which comes from turkey, can be converted to niacin (B3). | Tryptophan |
| Niacin, vit B3, raises levels of __ in the body. | HDL (good cholesterol) |
| B3 lowers what in the body? | triglycerides |
| Niacin is needed to repair what in our cells? | DNA |
| NAD and NADP are related to ? | B3/niacin |
| Niacin (B3) deficiency can cause ? | pellagra |
| Pellagra can cause what to happen to the skin? | rash, called Casal's necklace |
| Pellagra causes what to happen to the tongue? | bright red color |
| Pellagra due to niacin deficiency can do what to the CNS? | depression, dementia |
| Pellagra due to B3 deficiency does what to us (related to digestive system)? | diarrhea, vomiting |
| Niacin (B3) is important in the __ cycle. | kreb's |
| Another name for pyridoxine (B6) is __. | pyridoxol |
| Vit B6 (pyridoxine) is needed for synthesis __ and __ of amino acids. | conversion and catabolism |
| Sources of B6 include what 4 things? | 1. legumes (beans, etc) 2. nuts 3. wheat bran 4. meats |
| Pyridoxine (vit B6) deficiency can cause what problems? | Seborrhea (rash and white scales), neuropathy, confusion, depression, microcytic anemia |
| Pyridoxine has plays a role in __ synthesis. | heme |
| Vit B6 is important in __ synthesis. | neurotransmitter |
| Pyridoxine is important in converting __ to niacin. | tryptophan |
| Vit B6 (pyridoxine) is needed for __ (metabolism of glycogen, lipids, and steroids). | glycogenesis |
| Vit B6 (pyridoxine) is needed for synthesis conversion and catabolism of __ __. | amino acids |
| B12 (cyanocobalamin) is needed for DNA __. | synthesis |
| A deficiency of B12 can cause what kinds of anemia? | megaloblastic anemia and pernicious anemia |
| Cyanocobalamin (B12) is an important coenzyme for cell __ and __. | growth and replication |
| B12 (cyanocobalamin) can be found in __ products. | animal |
| B12 (cyanocobalamin) can be made in the __. | gut |
| Dietary B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the __. | intestine |
| What does cyanocobalamin need for transport to the circulatory system? | bile and NaHCO3 |
| B12 (cyanocobalamin) is stored in the __. | liver |
| Aside from anemia, a lack of B12 can cause what 3 things? | 1. paresthesia (tingling) 2. decreased deep tendon reflexes 3. unsteadiness |
| Folate is also known as __ __. | folic acid |
| Folate comes from what sources? | 1. liver 2. spinach 3. leafy greens 4. legumes 5. orange juice |
| Folate travels to the __, into the __, back to the __, and then back to the __. | liver, bile, intestine, liver |
| A lack of folic acid can cause __ anemia. | megaloblastic |
| When testing for folate, we use a __ assay. | direct assay (we look for the folate, not something else) |
| Decreased __ __ can cause a deficiency in folate. | intestinal flora |
| Inadequate __, due to intestinal problems, can cause a deficiency in folate. | absorption |
| __ often suffer from folate deficiency due to inadequate consumption. | Alcoholics |
| __ and __ treatment can cause an increased demand for folate, leading to a relative shortage. | Pregnancy and cancer treatment |
| What drugs can interact badly with folate? | 1. methotrexate 2. phenobarbitol |
| Vit C is also known as ? | ascorbic acid |
| Ascorbic acid (Vit C) comes from what sources? | 1. citrus fruits 2. green veggies 3. tomatoes 4. potatoes 5. brocolli |
| What groups of people require higher doses of Vit C? | smokers and dialysis patients |
| Ascorbic acid is important in __ absorption. | iron |
| Vit C is needed to __ crosslinking in bones. | collagen (the soft rubbery part of bones) |
| Ascorbic acid (Vit C) is measured by __ assay. | direct |
| Too little Vit C can cause __. | scurvy |
| Too much ascorbic acid can cause __. | kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) |
| Vit C (ascorbic acid) is also an __. | antioxidant |
| Calcium is a mineral and a __ that hardens bones. | salt (hydroxyapatite) |
| Calcium is bound to what protein in the plasma? | albumin |
| To find total calcium, we use ? | colorimetric orthocresolphthalein |
| To find ionized calcium, we use ? | ISE (ion selective electrode) |
| What disease makes bones bigger and weaker due to the spaces inside them becoming wider? | Pagent's disease |
| Phosphorous is an important mineral in energy __ and exchange. | storage |
| Ammonium molybdate joins phosphate ions to form __ __. | phosphomolybdate complex |
| Magnesium is an important mineral for the __ of bones. | surface |
| Like calcium, magnesium is bound to __. | proteins |
| Magnesium can be taken from the __ or the __ to correct abnormal levels. | kidneys or the bones |
| Magnesium is important in __ replication, transcription, and translation. | DNA |
| Magnesium is needed for __ conduction. | nerve |
| To find total magnesium levels, we use a __ method. | colorimetric |
| Retinol is also known as ? | Vit A |
| Cholecalciferol is also known as ? | Vit D |
| Alpha-tocopherol (a-tocopherol) is also known as ? | Vit E |
| Phylloquinone and manaquinone are also known as ? | Vit K |
| Calcitriol is also known as ? | Vit D3 |
| Riboflavin is known as ? | Vit B2 |
| Pyrodoxine is known as ? | Vit B6 |
| Cyanocobalamin is known as ? | Vit B12 |
| Thiamine is known as ? | Vit B1 |
| Niacin is known as ? | Vit B3 |
| Pyridoxol is known as ? | Vit B6 |
| Hormones are chemical __. | messengers |
| Most hormones are __ hormones. | peptide |
| Peptide hormones have a short half life of just ? | 5-30 mins |
| __ is the parent molecule for steroid hormones. | cholesterol |
| Are steroid hormones water soluble? | no |
| Why do steroid hormones require a transport protein? | Unlike peptide hormones, they are not water soluble |
| Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ? | adrenal glands, gonads, or placenta |
| What is the half-life of steroid hormones? | 30-90 mins |
| Amine hormones are __ __ derivatives. | amino acid |
| The hormone receptor for steroid hormones are __ the cell. | inside |
| Releasing factors are released from the pituitary in response to __ levels of hormones. | blood |
| Precursors of peptide hormones are called ? | prohormones |
| Peptides are __ in plasma. | unbound/free |
| Steroids are __ to proteins like albumin. | bound |
| Amines are bound to serum proteins and ? | thyroxine-binding proteins |
| Competitive immunoassays are used to measure some hormone levels. A __ antigen competes with the patient's antigens to for antibody binding sites. | labeled |
| When 2 antibodies are used to react with 2 antigenic sites on the hormone molecule, this method of testing is called ? | immunometric immunoassay |
| The hypothalmus lies at the base of the __, just above the pituitary. | brain |
| What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary? | infundibulum |
| The adenohypophysis is in the __ part of the pituitary gland. | anterior |
| The adenohypophysis produces and secretes __. | hormones |
| The neurohypophysis is located in the __ part of the pituitary gland. | posterior |
| The neurohypophysis is the storage area for what 2 things? | oxytocin and ADH |
| Does the neurohypophysis synthesize any hormones? | no |
| Childbirth involves a process called ? | positive feedback |
| Cushing's disease is a result of __ of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. | hypersecretion |
| What are 4 signs of Cushings disease? | 1. hyperglycemia 2. truncal obesity 3. hypertension 4. protein wasting |
| Hyposecretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary causes what symptoms? | 1. weight loss 2. weakness 3. GI problems |
| Hypersecretion of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) can effect sexual development in what ways? | 1. precocious puberty 2. gonads are stimulated to produce hormones that trigger secondary sex characteristics |
| Hyposecretion of FSH and LH can cause ? | sexual underdevelopment |
| Hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) can cause what 2 conditions? | Acromegaly and gigantism |
| What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly? | Gigantism occurs during the growth phase. Acromegaly occurs after the growth phase. |
| Hyposecretion of growth hormone is one cause of ? | dwarfism |
| Galactorrhea (the spontaneous flow of milk from the breast, unassociated with childbirth or nursing) can be triggered by hypersecretion of ? | prolactin |
| Women who experience hyposecretion of prolactin cannot produce __. | milk (even postpartem) |
| Hyposecretion of ADH can cause ? | diabetes insipidus |
| There are no known disorders associated with problems producing ? | oxytocin |
| Hypersecretion of ADH can by the posterior pituitary can cause ? | SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion) |
| Adrenal glands sit on top of each ? | kidney |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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