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Pathology Exam 1
Pathology Exam 1 thru Neoplasia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are signs of disease? | clinical findings... enlarged hard cervical lymph nodes, enlarged tender liver, rigid abdominal wall |
| What is NOT a sign of disease? | crushing substernal chest pain which would be a symptom |
| what are lesions or changes of senility? | wrinkled facial skin with tan muscles senile atrophy of the brain slowed wound healing |
| what is NOT a lesion or change of senility? | increased bone density with straightening of the thoracic spine |
| what is coagulative necrosis? | occurs in mycardial infarcts necrotic part is often pale and yellow gray permanent cessation of all functions of the affected cells |
| what is NOT coagulative necrosis? | reversible change if the cause is removed it is permanent cessation of all cells |
| What is liquefactive necrosis? | occurs in cerebral infarcts occurs in the center of an abscess irreversible change |
| what is NOT a liquefactive necrosis? | affected cells continue to function normally despite softening of the necrotic part |
| what are the sequelae of necrosis? | necrotic tissue removed and replaced by new tissue derived by regeneration of other non necrotic cells necrotic tissue is removed and replaced by fibrous tissue scar necrotic tissue persists as a sequestrium, which becomes surrounded by fibrous capsule |
| what is NOT a sequelae of necrosis? | necrotic cells are revitalized with return to normal structure and function |
| what is fatty degeneration of the liver? | potentially reversible, hepatocytes function less well than normal liver cells, liver is swollen, soft and yellowish |
| what is NOT fatty degeneration of the liver? | often progresses to abscess formation |
| what is atrophy? | causes include ischemia and pressure involved organ functions less well than normal potentially reversible change if the cause can be corrected |
| what is NOT atrophy? | involved organ is increased in weight and volume by an increase of fibrous stroma |
| what is obesity? | increased number and size of fat cells, increased incidence of hypertension, causes insulin resistance with hyperglycemia |
| what is NOT obesity? | lengthens life expectancy by providing reserve nutrients during periods of stress |
| what is hemoptysis? | coughing up blood |
| what is melena? | passage of altered (black) blood in the stool |
| what is menorrhagia? | excessive menstural bleeding |
| what is epistaxis? | nose bleed |
| what are mechanisms to control hemorrhage | external pressure on the bleeding vessel agglutination of blood platelets coagulation of blood |
| what does heparin do? | Prevents clots in the blood vessels before or after surgery or during certain medical procedures. |
| what is shock caused by external hemorrhage? | hypotension, tachycardia, intrarenal vasoconstriction, skin is pale and clammy |
| what is active congestion | dilated capillaries in the involved part, increased rate of blood flow through the involved part, occurs in foci of acute inflammation, arteriolar dilation |
| what is passive congestion of the lungs? | occurs in cases of left sided congestive heart failure, dilated capillaries in the lungs, may cause pulmonary edema, decreased rate of blood flow through the lungs |
| what are the causes of edema? | increased capillary pressure, hypoalbuminemia, increased capillary permeability, |
| what is pulmonary edema? | may complicate cases of left sided congestive heart failure lungs are large and heavy and the alveoli contain frothy fluid dyspena and cyanosis |
| what is left sided congestive heart failure? | may be caused by hypertension dilated on the left ventricle and or left atrium passive congestion of the lungs |
| what is right sided congestive heart failure? | dilation of the right ventricle and or right atrium, passive congestion of the liver, subcutaneous edema of the feet and ankles, increased total blood volume |
| what is acute inflammation? | rubor (redness) caused by active congestion tumor (swelling) caused by inflammatory edema (exudate) dolor (pain) caused by tissue injury |
| what is rubor? | redness caused by congestion |
| what is tumor? | swelling caused by inflammatory edema |
| what is calor? | heat caused by increased local blood flow and occur only on superficial sites such as skin |
| what is dolor? | pain associated with the initial tissue injury |
| what is chronic inflammation? | caused by prolonged or repetitive tissue injury fibrosis healing often leaves a permanent fibrous scar dense perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes |
| what is granulomatous inflammation? | may be caused by foreign materials such as sutures predominant reacting cell is the macrophage compact clusters of epitheliod cells large multinucleated giant cells |
| what is healing of a surgical incision? | epidermal healing occurs by migration of epidermal cells from cut edges over the surface wound granulation tissue uses the fibrinous union of the wound as a scaffold for its ingrowth granulation tissue matures to fibrous tissue |
| what are the cells or tissues with a marked capacity to regenerate? | epidermis, liver cells, hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow |
| what is hypertrophy of the left ventricle myocardium? | occurs in persons with hypertension, increased cardiac weight, increased force of left ventricular contraction |
| what is hypertrophy? | increase in size of cells |
| what is hyperplasia? | increase in the number of cells |
| what is the most common cause of venous thrombosis? | slowing of blood flow |
| what is the most common cause of arterial thrombosis? | arteriosclerosis |
| what usually initiates and completes thrombosis? | platelet agglutination blood coagulation |
| what are emboli? | part of all of a thrombus formed in a vein of the lower limb clusters of tumor cells from a malignant neoplasm fat droplets from the marrow of a fractured bone |
| what is a myocardial infarct? | coagulative necrosis of a segment of myocardium healing involves an ingrowth of granulation tissue from adjacent viable myocardial tissue complete healing leaves a permanent fibrous scar in the myocardium |
| what is a massive thrombotic pulmonary embolism? | blockage of the main pulmonary artery substernal distress, dyspnea, hypotension and cyanosis death in a few moments to several hours |
| what is dry gangrene? | occurs in the lower limbs more often than in the sic era caused by ischemia, involved part is bloodless and appears shrunken and brown irreversible |
| what are symptoms? | complaints of the patient |
| what are signs? | discovered by physical examination performed by the health professionals or discovered by laboratory studies and or imaging procedures |
| what is senility? | aging |
| what are the causes of senility? | genetic programming, cumulative intrinsic errors, cumulative extrinsic damage by environmental factors |
| what are lesions of senility? | upper thoracic kyphosis (dowager's hump), senile osteoporosis, compression fractures of vertebral bodies, fractures in wrists, hips, vertebral bodies, skin is wrinkled with tan macules or liver spots |
| what are signs of death? | cessation of both respiration and cardiac action |
| what is necrosis? | pathologic death of a cell or group of cells, IRREVERSIBLE change accompanied by permanent cessation of all functions of affected cells |
| what is ischemia? | inadequate blood flow |
| what is an infarct? | dead tissue or local death of tissue |
| what is dry gangrene? | mummification occurring in peripheral parts especially limbs caused by loss of blood supply, evaporation from causes it to be shrunken, dry, tough and brownish black |
| what is coagulative necrosis? | results from coagulation (denaturation) of proteins in necrotic part which becomes firm but friable, dry, pale and yellow gray |
| what is liquefactive necrosis? | conversion of necrotic tissue to a turbid fluid or semifluid material involved tissue contains too little protein to coagulate effectively like in brain |
| what is suppuration? | neutrophilic leukocytes with their proteolytic enzymes localize in the necrotic tissue and liquefaction of necrotic tissue by action of leukocytic enzymes |
| what is regeneration? | necrotic tissue ma be removed and be replaced by newly formed normal tissue derived from other non necrotic cells |
| what is scar? | the necrotic tissue may be removed and replaced by fibrous tissue scar |
| what is an ulcer? | necrotic tissue may be sloughed from a surface leaving a persistent defect |
| what is a cyst? | necrotic tissue may undergo complete liquefaction to leave a permanent fluid filled defect |
| what is a sequestrum? | necrotic tissue may persist indefinitely which may become encapsulated by dense fibrous tissue |
| what is degeneration? | potentially reversible derangement of metabolism of a cell or group of cells, cell sickness where cells usually function imperfectly |
| what are the gross changes that a organ undergoing degeneration has? | swollen, pale and soft with yellowish color as a result of accumulation of fat droplets in cells called fatty degeneration |
| what is atrophy? | gradual decrease in the size or cellularity of an organ or part of the body |
| what are the causes a atrophy? | decreased blood supply (ischemia), extrinsic pressure from adjacent mass, intrinsic pressure from obstruction of a hollow viscus, nonuse of the part, loss of motor innervation |
| what does an atrophic organ look like? | decreased in weight and volume and usually functions less well than normal, usually reversible |
| what happens in obesity? | cardiac enlargement predominantly a thickening (hypertrophy) of the left ventricle hypertension is more common |
| what is a hemorrhage? | bleeding or escape of blood from a blood vessel or the heart |
| what is epistaxis? | nose bleed |
| what is hemoptysis? | coughing up blood |
| what is hematemesis? | vomiting blood either fresh blood or dark brown coffee grounds formed by the action of gastric juice on hemoglobin |
| what is melena? | passage of altered blood as sticky black material int he stool |
| what is hematuria? | blood in the urine |
| what is menorrhagia? | excessive menstrual bleeding |
| what is metrorrhagia? | intermenstrual uterine bleeding |
| how do you control hemorrhage? | external pressure on the bleeding vessel by the accumulating mass of extravasated blood or by compression agglutination of platelets and coagulation of blood repair of blood vessel |
| what is shock? | clinical condition induced by any process which causes acute decrease of cardiac output |
| what is the clinical feature of shock | hypotension, tachycardia and selective vasoconstriction cardiac output declines, blood pressure falls |
| what is vasoconstrictor in shock? | cutaneous vessels and renal vessels skin is cold, pale and ashen gray and clammy renal vasoconstriction causes oliguria and may progress to renal tubular damage |
| what is congestion? | hyperemia, presences in the vessel of a tissue or organ of more than the normal amount of blood |
| what is active congestion? | arteriolar dilation allowing a greater volume of blood to enter, rate of blood flow through the part is increased and organ is bright red and warmer than normal, blushing or face flushing |
| what is passive congestion? | impairment of venous drainage volume of blood increased by rate of blood flow decreased capillary pressure is increased and edema often develops |
| what is edema | excess of interstitial fluid in the tissue spaces` |
| what are the causes of edema? | increased capillary pressure, increased filtration of fluid from capillaries decreased plasma osmotic pressure and decreased concentration of plasma protein lymphatic obstruction prevents removal of plasma proteins increased capillary permeability |
| what is hypoalbuminemia? | decreased albumin concentration |
| what causes pulmonary edema? | cases of left sided congestive heart failure |
| what are the clinical features of pulmonary edema? | breathlessness (dyspnea), asthmatic wheezing and cyanosis rales and wheezes are audible |
| what is congestive heart failure? | clinical syndrome that results from chronic reduction of cardiac output |
| what are the causes of congestive heart failure? | coronary arteriosclerosis with ischemic injury of the myocardium and hypertension |
| what are the lesions of left sided congestive heart failure? | cardiac dilation of left ventricle and or atrium, passive congestion of the lungs and dyspnea |
| what are the lesions of right sided congestive heart failure? | renal retention with increased total blood volume, cardiac dilation of right ventricle and or right atrium, systemic venous distention (neck), passive congestion of the liver |
| if a person comes in with an enlarged heart and dyspnea they have what type of CHF? | left sided |
| if a person comes in with an enlarged heart and distended neck veins, an enlarged and tender liver and subcutaneous edema be inning n the ankles and spreading upwards, what type of CHF is that? | right sided |
| what is inflammation? | local reaction to injury necrosis of at least some cells must ocur |
| what is the purpose of inflammation? | limit the extent and severity of injury by limiting the spread of the injurious agent by neutralizing its effects |
| what is the most characteristic feature of inflammation? | influx oor local proliferation of inflammatory cells and their subsequent activities |
| what is the microscopic changes of acute inflammation | increase of vascular permeability, leakage of protein rich fluid from plasma into the interstitial space to produce inflammatory edema, emigration of leukocytes mainly neutrophils |
Created by:
Chobchi
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