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Biology 12 test 1
Bilogy grade 12 canada test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the seven properties of life? | Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy ulilization, response to environment, homeostasis, and adaptation |
| Which van de waal force is the strongest? | Hydrogen bonds |
| London Forces | very weak bonds between neutral molecules |
| Dipole-dipole forces | partially positive and partially negative side attract |
| In terms of polarity, polar molecules are what, as opposed to nonpolar molecules which are what? | polar molecules are hydrophilic, nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic |
| water is both _______ and ________. | cohesive and adhesive |
| dynamic equilibrium | when forward and reverse reaction rates are equal |
| Acid | substance that increases hydrogen concentration. it is sour, and has a ph under 7 |
| Base | substance that decreases hydrogen concentration. it is bitter, slippery and have a ph over 7 |
| neutralization reaction | reaction of and acid and base to form water and a salt |
| equilibrium | state when opposing reactions occur at equal rates |
| Buffer | chemicals that bond to H+ or release H+ to help balance neutral pH to remain constant. |
| Buffers behave | like weak acids and bases |
| why do many proteins act as buffers? | amino acids in their structure may be acidic and other may be basic |
| Hydrocarbon | compounds that have a backbone of carbon |
| Alkanes | saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds, in whose backbone may be straight or circular |
| Alkenes | unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bonds, in whose location of bond is given in name |
| Alkynes | unsaturated hydrocarbons with triple bonds |
| Functional groups | reactive clusters of atoms attached to the carbon backbone |
| Bonding capacity | the number of covalent bonds an atom can form |
| macromolecule | large molecules composed of repeating subunits (monomers) |
| Condensation reaction | assembles macromolecules and is and anabolic reaction that absorbs energy |
| Anabolic reaction | produces large molecules from smaller subunits |
| Hydrolisis reaction | breaks apart macromolecules, is a catabolic reaction that releases energy |
| What do both condensation and hydrolysis reactions require? | enzymes to catalyze the reaction |
| name 3 examples of isomers that are carbs | Glucose, galactose, fructose |
| Isomers | contain the same number and types of atoms but have different arrangements, shapes and physical and chemical properties |
| Glycosidic linkage | covalent bond formed through a condensation reaction that holds monosaccharides together |
| give some characteristics of maltose | is an oligosaccharide made up two alpha-glucoses, that is held together by 1-4 glycosidic linkages |
| example of maltose | used in production of beer, found in grains |
| give some characteristics of sucrose | made of 1 alpha-glucose and 1 alpha-fructose, 1-2 linkage, and is table sugar |
| give some characteristics of lactose | made of 1 beta-glucose and 1 beta-galactose and is found in milk |
| what are the 2 main uses for polysaccharides? | energy storage (starch and glycogen) and structural support (cellulose and chitin) |
| Starch | produced by plants and stored in plastids. Made of amylose and and amylopectin |
| Glycogen | produced by animals and stored in liver and muscles |
| Cellulose | makes up cell walls, staight chain polymer, does not form helixes |
| Chitin | second most abundant material, used in exoskeleton of insects and in cell walls of fungi, N-group is attached to carbon 2 |
| Lipid | liked by nonpolar bonds, hydrophobic, and used for energy storage, building membranes, signalling molecules |
| Triglyceride | 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol, not a polymer, non-polar and hydrophobic |
| Saturated Fat | fatty acids are straight chain, solid at room temperature, produced by animals |
| Unsaturated Fat | have double bonds, has a bend in fatty acid, liquid at room temperature, produced by plants |
| Hydrogenation | produces trans fats, H-atoms are added to double bnds in unsaturated fats making them semi-solid |
| Esterification | the forming of ester linkages by the condensation reaction between hydroxyl group of glycerol and carboxyl group of fatty acids |
| Amphipathic | having hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails |
| Phospholipid | glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate |
| Phopholipids produce spheres called ________ or produce _________ (ex. membrane)when in water | micelles , bilayers |
| Sterols (steroids) | compact hydrophic molecules containing 4 fused hydrocarbon rings and several functional groups |
| Which lipids lack a fatty acid component | steroids |
| Cholesterol | present in cell membrane to maintain fluidity and rigidity- can be good or bad- precurson to all steroid hormones |
| Waxes | long chain fatty acid link to alcohols or carbon rings, firm, pliable consistency, used as coatings by plants |
| name the 7 uses of proteins | support, transport, communication, receptors, movement, defence, reactions |
| What is the shape of the proteins determined by? | the sequence of animno acids |
| peptide bonds | the bonds that hold together proteins |
| What is protein denaturation? | change in 3D shape due to temp, pH, etc... breaking the bonds and proteins loses its ability to function |
| What must larger proteins have in order to return to original state after being denatured | "chaperone proteins" |
| Decomposition | breaking peptide bonds from intense denaturation-irreversible |
| What is DNA | Deoxyribosenucleic acid and is double stranded |
| What is a nucleotide? | monomer subunit used to build DNA and RNA |
| all nucleotides compose of | 1) phosphate group 2) pentose sugar 3) nitrogenous base |
| the ________ reaction forms a _______ bond and causes molecules to coil during the process of making DNA | condensation, phosphodiester |
| the strands of DNA are considered what? | antiparralel |
| what are the two families nitrogenous bases can be split into? | purines (double ringed) and pyrimidines (single ringed) |
| how can we control metabolic pathways using enzymes? | by restricting production and location of enzymes |
| Feedback inhibitor | product of reaction acts as inhibitor, preventing cell from wasting chemical resources to make more products than needed |
| Allosteric site | receptor site remote from active sit |
| Competitive inhibitor | fits into active site and blocks substrate |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | binds to enzyme and causes a change that alters active site |
| Cofactors | non protein enzyme helper that may bind to active sites or substrates |
| induced fit model | after a substrate binds to active site, enzyme changes shape to better fit substrate |
| how do enzymes lower activation energy? | by binding substrates in correct orientation and applying stress to bonds, reducing thermal energy - allowing reactants to more easily become products |
| active site | where a substrate binds to enzyme |
| Name three types of cellular work | mechanical, transport, and chemical |
| what is ATP used for? | for temporary storage, and acts like a rechargeable battery |
| what is phosphoylation? | the free energy that is coupled with endergonic reactions that attached Pi to another molecules |
| What are redox reactions? | chemical reactions involved the transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons |
| oxidizing agent | substances that takes electrons |
| Reduction | gain of electrons |
| Reducing agent | substance that give electron |
| living systems are kept at ______ (products not allows to accumulate) | disequilibrium |
| Energy coupling | transfer of energy produced in one reaction to another |
| Endergonic reaction | process that requires free energy to occur, anabolic, not spontaneous |
| Exergonic reaction | process with a net release of free energy- catabolic, spontaneous |
| Entropy | the measure of amount of disorder (universe favours its increase) |
| Enthalpy | thermal energy or total heat in a system |
| Exothermic | less energy is required to break bonds of reactants than is released |
| Endothermic | energy required to break bonds of reactants is greater that is released |
| Transition state | temporary condition where reactantbonds are breaking and product is forming |
| Activation energy | energy required to break the bonds of reactants |
| Bond energy | measure of stability of bond-energy required to break 1 mol of bond and energy when 1 mol is formed |
| Metabolism | sum of all processes (anabolic and catabolic) |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | energy can be transferred or transformed, cannot be creator destroed |
| Energy in the universe is _______--- | constant |
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