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LD BIO CH 28
LD BIO CHAPTER 28 EVOLUTION
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| EVOLUTION | The gradual change of allele frequencies found in a population |
| ORGANIC EVOLUTION | Is the slow change of a species over time |
| GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION | Is the slow change of Earth over time |
| HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES | In different organisms, have similar internal structures or embryonic development |
| ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES | In different organisms, have similar function, but different internal structures or embryonic development |
| CLUES ON EARTH PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION | Fossils, Bones that show how organisms are similar, and Continents fit together like pieces of a puzzle & share the same rock formations with the same fossils and organisms |
| VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES | Nonfunctional structures that are rem ants of structures that were functional in ancestral form of organs. (Ex: wisdom teeth, muscles that move ears) |
| FOSSIL | Any trace or remains of an organism that has been preserved by natural processes. (Ex: soft tissue of animals usually decays, but in amber & ice they do not). |
| AMBER | A hard, yellow, transparent material formed by the hardening of resin, a sticky substance produced by trees. |
| ICE | Wooly Mammoth & furry rhinoceros have been found with flesh, skin and hair. |
| PETRIFICATION | In bodies of water that contain high mineral content, a dead organism will dissolve and minerals will replace the organism's body leaving a stone fossil. (Ex: Trees in the petrified forest of Arizona are 200 million years old) |
| BONES | Shells, teeth, and dinosaur bones. (Ex: Saber-toothed tiger & wooly mammoth). |
| MOLDS | An organism dies at the bottom of lakes or seas and sinks into the mud or sand which later turns to rock. The organism decays leaving a hollow form of its shape. |
| CASTS | Form when the molds fill with minerals and harden to form rock; a copy of the organism forms. |
| IMPRINTS | The impressions made in mud and then hardens into rock (Ex: animal footprints & leaves) |
| WAYS TO CALCULATE AGE OF FOSSILS | Relative dating & Absolute dating |
| RELATIVE DATING | Any method of determining the order in which events occurred. (Ex: determine age in relation to other rocks by using index fossils or correlation) |
| YOUNGEST FOSSILS | Top layer of sedimentary rock |
| OLDEST FOSSILS | Bottom layer of sedimentary rock |
| ABSOLUTE DATING | Any method that determines how long ago an event occurred. (Ex: Radioactive dating) |
| RADIOACTIVE DATING | Measures radioactivity decay in an isotope (Ex: C-14 - 5,370 years, U-238 - 4.5 billion years & K-40 - 1.3 billing years) |
| SEDIMENTARY ROCK | A type of rock formed from layers of particles that settled to the bottom of a body of water, often containing fossils |
| FOSSIL RECORD | The history of life as determined by the relative age of fossils |
| IGNEOUS ROCK | Formed when molten material in the crust cooled and hardened. Can be dated using radioactive dating methods. |
| CORRELATION | A process by which geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers and fossils in a local region |
| INDEX FOSSILS | Fossils that permit the relative dating of rocks within a narrow time span. |
| GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE | A timetable of the earth's history constructed by geologists |
| EXTINCT | The end of a species when the last individual of that species has died |
| FROM ROCKS AND FOSSILS | Change from simple to complex, change from marine to land forms, presence of intermediate forms, presence of transitional series, & sufficient time for evolution to have occurred. |
| EVIDENCE FROM COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY | Study of cells and their organisms (Ex: all plant cells have mitochondria & chloroplasts |
| EVIDENCE FROM COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY | Physiology, biochemistry, cytochrome c in humans & chimpanzees is same, but differs in bread mold, & insulin from sheep & pigs is same for humans. |
| PHYSIOLOGY | How organisms function |
| BIOCHEMISTRY | How chemical reactions take place (ex: enzyme test) |
| COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OR HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE | Similar in origin & structure (Ex: arm bones of several organisms are similar) |
| ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES | Same function but different origin and structure (ex: wings of fly (has membranes) vs. bird (has bones)...Both used to fly. |
| EVIDENCE FROM IMMUNOLOGY | Antibody reactions to protein or viruses may act the same. |
| EVIDENCE FROM EMBRYOLOGY | All embryos look similar at first and then differentiate and evolve. |
| VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES | Structures that remain but have no function (ex: Coccyx - fused bone (tail)) |
| SPONTANEOUS GENERATION | The idea that living things regularly arise from nonliving matter; abiogenesis |
| BIOGENESIS | The theory that living organisms only originate from other living organisms |
| HETEROTROPH HYPOTHESIS | The hypothesis that the first organic compounds were formed by natural chemical processes on the primitive earth and that the first lifelike structures developed from coacervates and were heterotrophs. |
| COACERVATES | According to the heterotroph hypothesis, an aggregate of large protein like molecules; thought to have developed into the first forms of life on the primitive earth. |
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desilva13
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