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Micro Unit 3 of 14
Microbiology Study Guide for the CLEP Exam (Eukaryotic Cells)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List five organelles contained in microbial eukaryotic cells | nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vacuoles |
| What is the defining characteristic of a eukaryotic cell? | the nuclei |
| How can an antibody molecule be exocytosed? | they are packaged into a membrane vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to form a pore through which the antibodies are released outside of the cell |
| What is a lysosome? | a eukaryotic organelle that is full of toxic chemicals and degradative enzymes. |
| What happens when a phagocycte phagocytoses a microbe? | the lysosome and phagosome fuse so that the lysosomal contents ca kill and degrade the microbe |
| What are the characteristics of eukaryotic flagella and cilia? | they are organelles that contain nine pairs and two microtubules in a membrane. The whole structure beats back and forth. |
| What are the characteristics of bacterial flagella and cilia? | the bacterial flagella protrudes from the cell as a single helical filament that is composed of one protien with no membrane covering. the filiment is rotated and propels the bacteria much like a propeller moves a boat |
| Expalin the difference in meaning of heterotroph and saprobe | All fungi are heterotrophs meaning that they use performed (living or dead) organic material nutrutionally. Saprobes are fungo that require their nutrients to come specifically from dead organic material |
| List an important nonmedical role of fungi | fungi breaks down organic material into forms that are reusable by other living things |
| Define "buds" | round cells that grow on the side of the mother cell until they are ready to divide as new cells |
| Define "hyphae" | long chains of connected cells |
| Define "mycelia" | fuzzy masses of hyphae (mold) |
| Describe the appearance of "yeast" | single round cells |
| Describe the appearance of "mold" | molds grow in long chains |
| Describe the appearance of "mushrooms" | mushrooms are often seen on dead or decaying organic material. They have a slender stem and a rounde head with spores on top of it |
| How do septate and aseptate hyphae differ? | Septate hyphae have cross-walls seperatingindividual cells; aseptate hyphae do not |
| What is the main function of fungal spores? | spores allow for widespread dissemination of the organism |
| What is the composition of fungal cell walls? | they are composed of polysaccharide chitin |
| What is the major lipid of fungi that is usually not present in prokaryotic or human cells | ergosterol |
| Name the three groups of the kingdom Protista | algae, protozoa, and slime molds |
| What are the characteristics of algae? | algae are unicellular but can grow in large groups such as seaweed. |
| What are the characteristics of protozoa? | protozoa are unicellular protists that lack photosynthetic ability and use their organelles of motility for both locomotion and food gathering |
| What are the characteristics of slime molds? | they usually grow on dead matter and produce spores like fungi; however, some some mold forms have flagella or pseudopodia unlike fungi |
| List three types of protozoal locomotion | by flagella, cilia or pseudopodia |
| Explain protozoal locomotion by flagella | These structures beat back and forth by sliding pairs of microtubules against one another to make the flagella push against the water like a fish's tail or a swimmer's legs |
| Explain protozoal locomotion by cilia | Like flagella only it's a shorter structure |
| Explain protozoal locomotion by pseudopodia | pseudopodia are cell membrane extentions that move forward to attach to a surface so that the rest of the cell can be pulled to that postion in a crawling motion |
| What role do algae play in general marine life? | Algae, along with other organisms in plankton, use the suns energy to produce most of the organic material and O2 available in the ocean. They are primarily food sources for many ocean inhabitants |
| What are algal cells made of? | mainly cellulose. agar and pectin are also present. *members of the subgroup algae have a silicon wall similar to silicon found in glass and rocks |
| How do algae obtain and use sunlight? | through the chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplasts that absorb the energy in sunlight. the chlorophyll transfers the energy on to the mitochondria that convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP |
| How are protozoans generally classified? | they are classified by their means of locomotion (flagellates, pseudopods, ciliates, and sporozoites) |
| What form of locomotion do sporozoites utilize? | sporozoites have no organelles of locomotion |
| How are protozoan groups commonly identified? | by their locomotion apparatus: general shape and size, number of nuclei, and presence of cyst forms |
| How do cellular and acellular slime molds differ? | cellular slime molds grow in groups of individual cells, wheras acellular molds grow into a plasmodium |
| What is a plasmodium? | a giant cell containing many nuclei |
| What must happen for a pathogen to be transmitted by a mesquito vector? | the pathogen must migrate to the mosquito salivary gland and replicate there. |
| How do lice remain attached to their hosts? | legs, claws and teeth that are all well adapted to grasping |
| Name a disease transmitted by flea vectors | plague |
| How do mites directly cause disease? | by burrowing disease into the skin and inducing an intense allergic reaction |
| What is the organism that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? | Dermacentor andersoni transmits Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) |
| What is the organism that causes Lyme disease? | Ixodes scapularis transmits Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) |
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