Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Science Unit 4
Science Unit 4-7 th grade
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | genetic material that store information passed on from the parent, based in the nucleus, *doubled stranded *deoyxribose sugar |
| RNA | is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, *Role in Protein Synthesis *takes place on the Ribosomes in cystoplasm. *starts in nucleus is the one single stranded, *ribosome suga |
| Relationship between Amino Acids and Protiens | The order nucleotides determine the order of amino acids, which then form protiens |
| Main function of a gene | controls the production of proteins in the organism's cell |
| Codons | a sequence of three nucleotides that together form an unit of genetic code in DNA or RNA molecules *used to IDENTIFY amino Acids in the mRNA |
| Anti-codons | a sequence of three codons in the tRNA molecules that correspond to complementary codon in the mRNA *Used to CARRY the amino acids |
| Protein Synthesis | Production of protein is called |
| where does protein production take place | on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| mRNA (messenger) | COPIES the instruction of the DNA in the nucleus and carries these codon to the ribosome part of transcription process |
| tRNA (transfer) | CARRIES the Amino acids to the ribosomes. shaped a certain way that one end can attach to a specific amino acid- other side is a triple base (anti-codon) |
| rRNA (ribosomal) | molecule in the cell that COMPOSES the ribosomes |
| how do the bases differ in DNA and RNA? | DNA- ATCG-Thymine RNA- AUCG- uracil |
| Transcription | 1 strand of DNA molecule is used to make a single-strand molecule of RNA The process of transferring the nucleotides from DNA to the codon RNA. ONLY individual genes are transcribed, not all of DNA A-U, T-A, G-C mRNA |
| Replication | DNA copies itself before the cell divides 1. 2 DNA strands separate. 2. nucleotides match up to the open strand 3. c-G, T-a 4. 2 identical DNA molecules are formed. 5. each molecule has 1 old strand and 1 new strand |
| How many templates are used in replication? | 2 templates |
| what does DNA replication produce? | 2 identical DNA molecules following the rules of pairing |
| where does DNA replication happen? | Interphase (S phase) |
| Semi-Conservative model | Watson and Crick showed the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each function as a template for synthesis of a- new complementary strand |
| translation | Assembly of the Amino ACIDS To MAKE PROTEINS Replication and transcription involved translating along information that is coded in the language of nucleotides bases to Amino acids. 3 base= 1 Amino Acid tRNA |
| Where does translation take place | proteins are made on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| Where does Transcription take place | in the nucleus |
| Ribosomes | are made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins |
| What dos Translation produce | assembles the amino acids into their proper sequence to form protein |
| steps of Protein synthesis | 1 mRNA Transcription (copy of the DNA to mRNA) 2. mrNA attaches to Ribosome in cytoplasm 3. Translation (copy of the codon to anticodon to carrying amino acids, to form protien) |
| Start codon | AUG (MET) |
| Stop codon | UAA, UAG, UGA |
| mutation | Changes made to the DNA |
| what percentage of DNA in the person's cell are the same | 99.9% |
| What percentage of the DNA in a person's cells are genes? | 5% |
| 3 possible outcomes of mutation | no effect, minor, great |
| no effect (mutation) | Mutation does not change protein. it stays neutral- since some amino acids have more than one code, a mutation may not change the resulting protein. |
| Minor (mutation) | a change in the gene can affect apperance, skin color, eye color |
| Great(major mutation) | causes genetic disorders- passed down to offspring by germ (gamete) cell. seffects can be good, plant having increase resistance to diseases or bad to have an illness. |
| what proof reads DNA | certain enzyemes |
| are all mutations harmful | no some can be a benefit to the organism, to make them resistance to a pesticides or other disease only 5% of the human DNA is genes, if it occurs in the noncoding region of DNA, then chances are the mutation will have no effect. |
| Mutation in somatic cells | mutation of the body cells |
| mutation in the Germ cells | mutation in the sex cells, gametes more harmful. they can be passed on to offsprings. |
| Chromosomal mutations | changes the structure of the chromosomes *loss or gain |
| what are the 5 main types of chromosomal mutation? | Deletion, inversion, duplication, translocation, non-disjunction |
| Deletion (chromosomal mutation) | due to breakage of chromosome, a piece of the chromosome is lost |
| Inversion (chromosomal mutation) | Chromosome segment breaks off, segment flips around backwards, segment reattaches |
| Duplication(chromosomal mutation) | occurs when a gen sequence is repeated |
| Translocation (chromosomal mutation) | involves 2 chromosomes that are not homologous, part of the one chromosomes is transferred to another chromosomes |
| non-disjunction (chromosomal mutation) | failure of the chromosome to separate during meiosis. causes the gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes |
| Gene mutation | *change in the nucleotides sequence of genes * may only involve a single nucleotide, *may be due to copying errors, chemicals or virus |
| prime time for mutations to occure | meiosis |
| 5 main types of gene mutation | Point mutation, frameshift, insertion, deletion, subsitution |
| point mutation (gene mutation) | change of a SINGLE(one) nucleotide, includes: deletion, insertion or substitution of one of the nucleotides |
| Frameshift (gene mutation) | Changes the "reading frame"- like changing a a sentence *includes:Insertions, Deletions *proteins builds incorrectly |
| deletion (gene mutation) | 1 amino acide is missing from mutant protein |
| insertion (gene mutation) | a whole new amino acid is added |
| substitution (gene mutation) | when a base pair is substituted and a new codon codes for a different amino acid is used |
| what is a genetic disorder? | can be inherited, *a disease or condition that results from mutations that affect the normal functioning of a cell |
| 3 main types of Genetic Disorders | Autosomal recesssive, Autosomal Dominant, sex-linked |
| Autosomal recessive (genetic) | if both parents are heterzygous, the child will have 25% chance of being affected, might not be known |
| autsomal dominant (genetic) | trait typically appears in every generation. |
| sex-linked (genetic) | Males show the disorder more than female, Son can not inherit disorder from dad. Because males only have one Xchromosome, males are more likely than females to have sex-linked trait that is controlled by recessive alleles |
| Cancer | *multiple series of mutations *occurs in replication (DNA) |
| Multiple alleles | 3 or more forms a gene that codes for a single trait |
| What makes up blood | Red blood cells, White blood cells, Plasma, Platelets |
| Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) | The most abundant cells in our blood. They produce in the bone marrow. Contain protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells |
| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) | They are the part of the immune system and destroys infectious agents called pathogens |
| Plasma | This is the yellowish liquid portion of the blood that contains the electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors and proteins (antibodies) to fight infections |
| Platelets (Thrombocytes) | Clotting factors that are carried in the plasma, they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal the wound. |
| What are the four blood types | A,B, AB,O- see your card |
| universal donor | Blood type O |
| Universal Receiver | Blood type AB |
| Rh Factor? | The presence of protein or lack of it in the blood RH+- presence of protein RH- no protein |
| Blood Transfusion | a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous(IV) line in one of the blood vessels |
| What is a carrier? | a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele. although they do not have the trait, they can pass the recessive allele on to their offspring |
| solve blood type, sex-linked trait and punnet squares | autosomals show different pedigree charts than sex-linked |
| Pedigree | a chart showing the genetic connection between two individuals- *genetic family tree |
| tell difference between pedigree chart on automsomal recessive and dominant | Rr and RR and rr |
| Karyotype | *picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell *arranged as pairs *can reveal if the baby has the correct number of chromosomes and if it is a boy or girl 1-22 Autosome 23- sex chromosomes |
| amniocetesis | a sample of the fluids that surrounds the fetus is removed by a large needle |
| selective breeding? | Process of selecting and breeding parent organisms to pass on particular traits to the offsprings- two types- inbreeding and hybridzation |
| inbreeding | involves crossing 2 individuals that have identical or similar sets of alleles fast horse crossed by fast horse is a fast horse |
| hybridization | involves 2 genetically different individuals, with results to bred to have best trait of of both parents- usually breeding dissimilar to parent *corn- resists disease crossed with corn many kernals= corn resist disease and produces many kernals *animal |
| advantage of selective breeding to DNA | causes certain alleles to become more common in particular breed |
| Genetic Engineering | Genetic splicing-The process in which a sequence of DNA from an organism is first isolated, for a specific trait |
| 3 steps of Genetic engineering | 1. isolate DNA, 2.Insert DNA in from another organism 3. The new DNA will reproduce and new cells will have the engineered DNA |
| what are risk and benefits with genetic engineering? | *Benefit-more food, new medicines, insulin, insect resistant plant with less environmental change. *Con-unknown effects on humans and ecosystem |
| Cloning | is a technique that uses technology to make copies of DNA * used to produce organisms with desired traits. (genetically identical to the organism it was produced) |
| Dolly and how was she made? | first clone of an adult mammal ever produced 1. removed egg from sheep 2.cell's nucleus was replaced with 6 year old sheep 3.egg placed in 3 sheep uterus 4.5 months later Dolly was born |
| DNA fingerprinting | DNA fingerprints is unique to individual, used to identify child's biological dad each band represents a fragment of DNA *examines the bands in the diagram of a gel electroporesis |
| Genome | is all the genetic material in organism. most challenging project undertaken |
| Blood Type O | Genotype ii |
| Blood Type A | Genotype I^AI^A or I^Ai |
| Blood type B | Genotype I^BI^B or I^Bi |
| Blood Type AB | Geneotype I^AI^B |
| hello my name is madison | madison kohl |
Created by:
Flynnfamily
Popular Biology sets