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Chapter 42
Circulation and Gas Exchange
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as | simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. |
| Circulatory systems compensate for | the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances. |
| The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is | the interstitial fluid. |
| The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to | the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber. |
| The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the | fishes |
| Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? | systole of the left ventricle |
| A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through | 2 capillary beds |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals? | vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit |
| The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart | prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. |
| Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased | epinephrine. |
| An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with | vasodialation |
| Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with | increased activity of the immune system. |
| Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? | giraffe |
| The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because | the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system. |
| What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed? | the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas |
| The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the | blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic. |
| Vasoconstriction of blood vessels delivering blood to the gut is a likely response when an individual is | stressed and secreting stress hormones. |
| In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is | 4 months |
| The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are | erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. |
| Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin | I and III only |
| Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to | be unaffected. |
| The production of red blood cells is stimulated by | erythropoietin. |
| The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is | fibrin |
| The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is | swallowing |
| In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the | alveoli. |
| Countercurrent exchange is evident in | the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. |
| Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize | diffusion |
| Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange | across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes |
| Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of | lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. |
| Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because | the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. |
| Breathing is usually regulated by | CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors |
| Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as | the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. |
| Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____. | as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) |
| By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. | acidic |
| True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut. | True |
| True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation | False |
| True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues. | False |
| To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross | 5 membranes |
| An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to | myoglobin |
| Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is | converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. |
| A portal system is | vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds. |
| Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have | closed circulatory system |
| Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because | nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment. |
| Pulse is a direct measure of | heart rate |
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